1. DNA COMPUTING SUBMITTED BY::: VIKAS AGARWAL 1501034 CO-2

2. WHAT IS DNA?  DEOXYRIBOSE NUCLIC ACID  DNA main function is construction of biological life.  DNA has 4 NUCLIOTIDES 1. ADENINE 2. GUANINE 3. THYMINE 4. CYTOSINE

3. DNA  These nucleotide are responsible for the basic instruction for the biological life.  DNA perform … 1. Inheritance. 2. Protein synthesis. 3. Gene regulation.

4. WHAT IS DNA COMPUTER?  Computer processor made from DNA & Enzymes.  A computer that can perform 330 trillion operations per second.

5. DNA COMPUTER  DNA computers will be capable of storing billions of times more data than your personal computer.  DNA can be integrated into a computer chip to create a so-called biochip that will push computers even faster.

6. DNA COMPUTER  Think of DNA as software, and enzymes as hardware.  To the naked eye, the DNA computer looks like clear water solution in a test tube.

7. DNA : A UNIQUE DATA STRUCTURE  Data density of DNA is impressive. Just like a string of binary data is encoded with ones and zeros, a strand of DNA is encoded with four bases, represented by the letters A, T, C, and G.  The bases (also known as nucleotides).

8. DATA STRUCTURE  DNA has a special property of double stranded nature.  The bases A and T, and C and G, can form base pairs. Therefore every DNA sequence has a natural complement.  This makes DNA a unique data structure for computation.

9. DATA STRUCTURE  Double stranded DNA is similar to a RAID 1 array, where data is mirrored on two drives, allowing data to be recovered from the second drive if errors occur on the first.  This facility for error correction means that the error rate can be quite low.

10. DNA Vs SILICON  Silicon computing means faster clock cycles (and larger data paths).  DNA computing can perform 10 20 operations per second compared to today’s teraflop supercomputers.

11. DNA Vs SILICON  University of Wiscosnin-Madison researchers have developed a thin, gold- coated plate of glass about an inch square. The square allows researchers to attach trillions of strands of DNA They believe that by the year 2010 the first DNA chip will be commercially available.

12. A 3D OPTICAL MEMORY DEVICE

13. OPTICAL MEMORY DEVICE  Biological molecules BACTERIORHODOPSIN (protein) is being used for thin films, biosensors, and associative volumetric memories.  BACTERIORHODOPSIN based memory devices have excellent holographic properties and its efficiency in information storage, and to function in high temperature and intense light.

14. POWER OF DNA COMPUTER  DNA is modified biochemically by a variety of enzymes.  There is a wide variety and number of these "operational" proteins, which manipulate DNA on the molecular level.  For example, there are enzymes that cut DNA and paste.  Other enzymes function as copiers, repair units.

15. POWER OF DNA COMPUTER  Molecular biology have developed techniques that allow us to perform many of cellular functions in the test tube.  Just like a CPU has a basic suite of operations like addition, bit-shifting, logical operators (AND, OR, NOT NOR), etc. that allow it to perform even the most complex calculations, DNA has cutting, copying, pasting, repairing, and many others.

16. POWER OF DNA COMPUTER And note that in the test tube, enzymes do not function sequentially, working on one DNA at a time. Rather, many copies of the enzyme can work on many DNA molecules simultaneously. This is the power of DNA computing, that it can work in a massively parallel fashion.

17. REFERENCES  www.nationalgeographicnews.com  HOW STUFF WORKS.  www.howstuffworks.com www.howstuffworks.com

18. THANK YOU