1. Bloomin’ Toxins: What Public Officials Need to Know About Cyanotoxins US Council of Mayors Washington, DC April 30, 2015 acarpenter@awwa.orgacarpenter@awwa.org, 202-326-6126

2. Opening Thought Cyanotoxins are a very important concern for water systems and the public nationwide. We all need to: -Learn more about cyanotoxins -Develop strategies to prevent, control, and treat cyanobacteria blooms before they become problematic -Identify treatment, communications/notification, and response strategies for blooms that cannot be controlled -Determine whether regulation is needed, to what level, and what nature of the regulation would be

3. Summary 1.What are cyanotoxins? 2.How are cyanotoxins detected? 3.What thresholds exist now? 4.Can they be treated? 5.What unresolved issues exist?

4. Free Manager’s Guide The background information in this presentation comes from AWWA / WRF’s Cyanotoxins Manager’s Guide, available for free at www.awwa.orgwww.awwa.org

5. What are Cyanotoxins? Are byproducts of some kinds of cyanobacteria in some circumstances. Separate from taste and odor issues Cyanobacteria are driven largely from nutrient loads, temperature, and sunlight in water bodies

7. Detecting Cyanotoxins

8. Current Advisory Levels

9. Example from Health Canada “The MAC of 1.5 µg/L for microcystin-LR is believed to be protective against exposure to other microcystins (total microcystins, i.e., free plus cell bound) that may also be present. It is a conservative value, as it is derived on the basis of daily consumption of microcystin-LR over a full year.” (Emphasis added) http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/pubs/water-eau/cyanobacterial_toxins/index-eng.php

10. Can Cyanotoxins be Treated? (Examples – more in the guide) Cyanobacteria Cells: Conventional treatment (sedimentation, etc.) Flotation Cyanotoxins outside of cells: Chlorination (except anatoxin-a) Ozone Activated Carbon (depending on carbon type)

11. Unresolved Issues: Monitoring Analytical Methods 1.ELISA often over-reports levels (false-positives) 2.Confirmatory tests take about 2 days to receive results, are expensive, and require advanced equipment that very few utilities have Best Monitoring strategies 1.Unclear how will be handled in UCMR4 2.More threshold criteria need to be developed for activating monitoring

12. Most of the threshold levels presently trace back to lifetime or year-round exposure levels (WHO, Health Canada) Others are using mostly the same data to initiate “do not drink” and “do not use” orders for exceeding these levels in a single or a few days (Ohio, Oregon, others) Need better analysis of the health risks posed at very low levels, especially for short times, plus the risks of of a “do not drink” or “do not use” order Unresolved Issues: Response

13. Parting Thoughts: Prevention Cyanotoxins can be addressed at the water plant, but prevention of blooms should also be a key priority Reducing nutrients and other pollutants benefits both public health and the environment

14. Parting Thoughts: Regulatory Development Let the regulatory development process work for drinking water MCLs. Simultaneously, develop rational protocols to low level detections There are many responses other than “do not drink” and “do not use” commonly in place today for other substances: –Increased monitoring –Increased treatment requirements –Increased optimization requirements –Triggering assessments and find/fix processes –Increasing coordination with upstream users –Public notification –Many others

15. Parting Thoughts: Simultaneous compliance Some of the methods to address cyanotoxins may cause compliance problems with other rules (such as disinfection byproducts) Need to be careful to prevent unintended consequences

16. American Water Works Association Government Affairs Office 1300 Eye Street, NW, Suite 701W Washington DC 20005 Gen. Office: (202) 628-8303 QUESTIONS? Adam T. Carpenter Regulatory Analyst Email: acarpenter@awwa.org Direct: (202) 326-6126