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2.  Control ◦ The process of monitoring activities to ensure that they are being accomplished as planned and of correcting any significant deviations  The Purpose of Control ◦ To ensure that activities are completed in ways that lead to accomplishment of organizational goals 2

3.  Market Control ◦ Emphasizes the use of external market mechanisms to establish the standards used in the control system  Bureaucratic Control ◦ Emphasizes organizational authority and relies on rules, regulations, procedures, and policies  Clan Control ◦ Regulates behaviour by shared values, norms, traditions, rituals, and beliefs of the firm’s culture 3

4. 4 Understandability Flexibility Strategic Placemen t Strategic Placemen t Reasonabl e Criteria Reasonabl e Criteria Effective Control System Effective Control System Timelines s Multiple Criteria Multiple Criteria Correctiv e Action Correctiv e Action Accuracy Economy Emphasis on Exception s Emphasis on Exception s

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6.  The final link in management functions: ◦ Planning  Controls let managers know whether their goals and plans are on target and what future actions to take ◦ Empowering employees  Control systems provide managers with information and feedback on employee performance ◦ Protecting the workplace  Controls enhance physical security and help minimize workplace disruptions 6

7. 7 Leading Motivation Leadership Communication Individualand Group Behaviour Planning Goals Objectives Strategies Plans Organizing Structure HumanResource Management Controlling Standards Measurements Comparison Actions

8.  The Process of Control 1.Measuring actual performance 2.Comparing actual performance against a standard 3.Taking action to correct deviations or inadequate standards 8

9. 9 GOALS Organizational Divisional Departmental Individual Measuring Actual Performance Comparing Actual Performance Against Standard Taking Managerial Action Step 1 Step 3 Step 2

10.  How: Sources of Information ◦ Personal observations ◦ Statistical reports ◦ Oral reports ◦ Written reports  What: Control Criteria ◦ Employees  Satisfaction  Turnover  Absenteeism ◦ Budgets  Costs  Output  Sales 10

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12.  Determining the degree of variation between actual performance and the standard ◦ Significance of variation is determined by:  The acceptable range of variation from the standard (forecast or budget)  The size (large or small) and direction (over or under) of the variation from the standard 12

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14.  Courses of Action ◦ “Doing nothing”  Only if deviation is insignificant ◦ Correcting actual (current) performance  Immediate or basic corrective action ◦ Revising the standard  Determine whether the standard is realistic, fair, and achievable 14

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16.  What Is Performance? ◦ The end result of an activity  What Is Organizational Performance? ◦ The accumulated end results of all of the organization’s work processes and activities  Designing strategies, work processes, and work activities  Coordinating the work of employees 16

17.  Organizational Productivity ◦ The overall output of goods and/or services divided by the inputs needed to generate that output ◦ Ultimately, a measure of how efficiently employees do their work 17

18.  Organizational Effectiveness (cont’d) ◦ Measuring how appropriate organizational goals are and how well the organization is achieving its goals  Systems resource model: Is organization efficient in acquiring scarce and valued resources?  The process model: Is organization efficient in converting inputs to outputs?  The multiple constituencies model: Is organization effective in meeting each constituencies’ needs? 18

19.  Industry Rankings ◦ Many different lists exist to rank organizations. Some examples:  Report on Business Magazine’s Top 1000; Canada’s Power Book  Report on Business Magazine’s 50 Best Companies To Work For in Canada  Profit’s 100: Canada’s Fastest Growing Companies 19

20.  Feedforward Control ◦ Prevents anticipated problems before they occur  Building in quality through design  Requiring suppliers conform to ISO 9002  Concurrent Control ◦ Monitoring while activity is in progress  Direct supervision: management by walking around 20

21.  Feedback Control ◦ Takes place after an activity is done  Corrective action is after-the-fact, when the problem has already occurred ◦ Advantages  Feedback provides managers with information on the effectiveness of their planning efforts  Feedback enhances employee motivation by providing them with information on how well they are doing 21

22. 22 InputOutput Feedforward Control Concurrent Control Feedback Control Processes Anticipates problems Corrects problems as they happen Corrects problems after they occur

23.  Traditional Controls ◦ Ratio analysis  Liquidity  Leverage  Activity  Profitability ◦ Budget analysis  Quantitative standards  Deviations  Other Measures ◦ Economic value added (EVA) ◦ Market value added (MVA) 23

24.  Balanced Scorecard ◦ A measurement tool that uses goals set by managers in four areas to measure a company’s performance:  Financial  Customer  Internal processes  People/innovation/growth assets 24

25.  Management Information Systems (MIS) ◦ A system used to provide management with needed information on a regular basis  Data: an unorganized collection of raw, unanalyzed facts (e.g., unsorted list of customer names)  Information: data that has been analyzed and organized such that it has value and relevance to managers 25

26.  Benchmarking ◦ The search for the best practices among competitors or noncompetitors that lead to their superior performance ◦ A control tool for identifying and measuring specific performance gaps and areas for improvement 26

27.  Cross-cultural Issues ◦ The use of technology to increase direct corporate control of local operations ◦ Legal constraints on corrective actions in foreign countries ◦ Difficulty with the comparability of data collected from operations in different countries 27

28.  Workplace Concerns ◦ Privacy versus monitoring:  E-mail, telephone, computer, and Internet usage can all be monitored ◦ Employee theft  The unauthorized taking of company property by employees for their personal use ◦ Violence  Anger, rage, and violence in the workplace is affecting employee productivity 28

29. 29 Internet use 54.7% Telephone use 44.0% E-mail messages 38.1% Computer files 30.8% Job performance using video cameras 14.6% Phone conversations 11.5% Voice-mail messages 6.8% Source: Based on S. McElvoy, “E-Mail and Internet Monitoring and the Workplace: Do Employees Have a Right to Privacy?” Communications and the Law, June 2002, p. 69.

30. 30 Witnessed yelling or other verbal abuse42% Yelled at co-workers themselves29% Cried over work-related issues23% Seen someone purposely damage machines or furniture14% Seen physical violence in the workplace10% Struck a co-worker2% Source: Integra Realty Resources, October-November Survey of Adults 18 and Over, in “Desk Rage.” BusinessWeek, November 20, 2000, p. 12.