1. Chapter 43 Common Commercial Construction Materials

2. Introduction Most materials in commercial construction can be used in residential construction –But are not because of cost and cost of labor Wood and lightweight steel are the exceptions –Common materials include: Wood Concrete block Poured concrete Steel

3. Wood Platform construction –Walls Type IV and Type V commercial projects –Roofs Many small commercial projects Heavy timber construction –Structural framework of a building Size and location of beams and posts are specified on floor or framing plans

4. Wood (cont’d.) Laminated beams –Smaller members laminated together to form the larger beam Common material for buildings requiring large amounts of open space (e.g., gymnasiums) Common types: single span, Tudor arch, and three- hinged arch –Beams can be represented using different methods

6. Concrete Block Used to form the wall system for many types of buildings –Durable and inexpensive to install and maintain –Sizes listed are width × height × length Typically manufactured in 8 × 8 ×16 modules –Type, size, and reinforcement are specified on plan views Bold lines to represent edges of masonry

8. Concrete Block (cont’d.) Steel reinforcement –Reinforced masonry structures are stable Masonry, steel, grout, and mortar bond –Considerations: Reinforcing bars Steel placement Rebar representation Locating steel

10. Poured Concrete Composed of sand and gravel bonded together with cement and water –Most common is Portland cement Pulverized particles of limestone, cement rock, oyster shells, silica sand shale, iron ore, and gypsum

11. Poured Concrete (cont’d.) Cast-in-place concrete –Introduced as method of forming residential foundations and retaining walls Commercial application casting size and reinforcement varies –Often used for walls, columns, and above- ground floors –Poured using ribbed and waffle floor methods

13. Poured Concrete (cont’d.) Precast concrete –Consists of forming walls or components off- site and transporting to the job site Parts typically have an exposed metal flange Many products are prestressed Tilt-up –Preformed wall panels are lifted into place Panels are formed at the job or off-site

15. Steel Construction Lightweight steel framing –Structural members include studs, joists, open- web trusses, space frames, and decking Space frames –Three-dimensional spatial grid that can be used to span distances up to 80'

16. Steel Construction (cont’d.) Prefabricated steel structures –Structural system comprises a frame Supports walls, roof, and externally applied loads –Tapering members Allows minimum material used –Wall system Made of horizontal girts attached to vertical frame –Drawings Show exact locations of members and connections

17. Steel Construction (cont’d.) Steel-frame buildings –Require engineering and shop drawings –Structural steel Identified as a plate, as a bar, or by its shape Produced in the shapes –Plans show location and size of each steel column, girder, beam, and joist Details show each intersection of structural members, and connection methods

18. Common Connection Methods Nails –Common connector for wood-to-wood members with a thickness of less than 1 1/2” –Common types: Common Deformed Box Spikes

21. Common Connection Methods (cont’d.) Staples –Connect asphalt roofing and attaching sheathing to roof, wall, and floor supports Power-driven studs –Anchor wood or metal to masonry Screws –Flathead, roundhead, lag screws

22. Common Connection Methods (cont’d.) Metal framing connectors –Used at many wood connections to strengthen nailed connections Joist hangers, post caps, post bases, and straps Bolts –Anchor bolts, carriage bolts, and machine bolts Washers keep bolt head and nut from pulling through the lumber and also spread stress

23. Common Connection Methods (cont’d.) Miscellaneous bolts –Stud, drift, expansion, toggle bolt Welds –Welding provides a rigid connection between two or more pieces of steel Fillet, square-groove, V-groove, beveled, U-groove, J-groove weld All-around or weld length and increment are used to clarify placement