1. (4) Engaging Stakeholders in Research: Participatory Appraisal (PRA)

2. Why PRA Engages stakeholders – discussion and feedback Allows researcher to listen with open ear, absorbing new issues More relaxed and natural Can lead to action planning

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4. PRA as research methodology Be clear about intention – do not creat false expectatiion Triangulation – confirm observation from different sources and angles Comparative analysis – understanding what makes the difference between areas – understanding the ‘driving forces’ Ranking systems

5. Steps (1)Introduction (2)PRA Trend analysis Resource mapping Transect walk Problem tree analysis Focus group discussion Key person interview Information sharing (3)Feedback and validation

6. 1. Introduction Whom to invite and engage? –Those that matter –Those whose voice is often forgotten –Men and women What status to give to the discussion –Be clear about intentions

7. Resource map Prepare village resource map using paper or coloured powder Indicate (in different colours) –Roads –Main building –Wells (plus condition) –Water harvesting structures –Local streams

8. Resource mapping

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10. Transect walks Systematic route through the area –Stop at each water point, structure or gully –Stop at each drinking water/ sanitation facility Making observations at all water points Summarize findings

11. Transect walk Systematically visiting all water points Making notes

12. Trend analysis Discuss with group situation now and in the past Take 3-4 points in time (related to political events) and discuss: –Population numbers –Livestock numbers –Type of crops –Type and number of wells –Condition of tanks, terraces and other structures –Depth of water table –Quality of water

13. Trend analysis Discuss how did things change

14. Participatory water budgetting Prepare a simple water balance for the area, calculating: –Rainfall and recharge co-efficient; –Water consumption: Cropped area (main crops) times water consumption No of domestic users times use/capita No of animals times use/ capita

15. Participatory water budgetting Groundwater usage Groundwater availability

16. Problem tree analysis Jointly identify water related problems Formulate them clearly Identify how they are linked – causes and effects Identify solution tree by reversing problems into solutions

17. 1 Findings: Problem tree  Solution tree

18. Information sharing – for instance legal and institutional awareness Many legal provision and institutional arrangements and support facilities exists But usually no one knows - so no one will use So explain what to water users what legal instruments or investment opportunities they have

19. 3.Feedback and synthezing Compare results from trend analysis, water budget, transect walks and resource maps, interviews with key stakeholders. Focus group Identify what should be done:

20. Discussions of findings – to share and validate

21. Create exchange between communities Create peer effects – bring together representatives of several areas in subbasin So that they start to: –Share experiences –Identify common issues –Learn from others (why are others doing different than we)

22. Create peer network Exchange visit or a local fair is a good way of bringing about the exchange of experience and inspire people to do better or at least as good as others in water management