1. CLASSICISM v. ROMANTICISM

2. CLASSICISM Fueled by Enlightenment’s belief in rationality, order, and restraint Intellectual outgrowth of the scientific revolution Believed in the idea of human progress, liberalism, and equality Used skepticism and reason about all aspects of life

3. CLASSICISM Believed the ancient Greeks and Romans developed eternal aesthetic rules Could enforce rules in the 18th century because dominated courts and academies where artists worked Artists focused on writing (philosophes) elegant and intellectual treatises Nature was of no particular interest, considered beautiful and chaste like a formal garden

4. CLASSICISM Industry is a sign of human progress, a triumph of reason over nature History is considered a minor branch of philosophy – used by philosophers to pick suitable examples to illustrate their teachings Universe is mechanical and static (clock metaphor)

5. ROMANTICISM Crystallized in 1790s in Germany and England; strong influence until the 1840s Disillusioned with events in France and turned from liberalism to conservativism in politics  French Revolution kindled the belief that radical reconstruction was possible –applied to cultural and artistic life

6. ROMANTICISM Emotional exuberance Unrestrained imagination Spontaneity in art and personal life

7. ROMANTICISM Many artists lived lives of emotional intensity –Suicide –Duels –Madness –Strange illnesses –Bohemian lives –Rejected materialism

8. ROMANTICISM  Believed the full development of one’s unique human potential to be the supreme purpose in life

9. ROMANTICISM Nature –enchanting –awesome and tempestuous –spiritual inspiration

10. ROMANTICISM Industry –Ugly –a brutal attack on nature and human personality –the evil genius of Satan –Sought to escape industrial life

11. ROMANTICISM History –Beautiful, exciting, became a passion of many –Supported the development of national aspirations (a dominant theme of the 19th C) –Encouraged entire peoples to seek in their past their special destinies The Bard" by John Martin: a romantic vision of a single Welsh bard escaping a massacre ordered by Edward I of England, intended to destroy Welsh culture

12. ROMANTICISM Universe –unlimited –Organic –dynamic Yearned for the unattained, the unknown, the unknowable