1. Kingdom: PROTISTA Chapter 20
UNIT 4 – Part 1:
Protists & Fungi

2. REVIEW: Eukaryotic Cell
Where is the DNA located?
What type of organelles do they have?
Size compared to prokaryotes?

3. ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY Lynn Margulis:
Hypothesized that the FIRST Eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells…
By SYMBIOSIS… when two organisms depend on each other for survival.
The Endosymbiotic Theory (Examples…)
MITOCHONDRIA (cell developed into organelle)
Originally a prokaryotic cell that used aerobic respiration to provide energy for the host cell...
Host cell provided shelter
CHLOROPLASTS (cell developed into organelle)
Originally a prokaryotic cell that used photosynthesis to make food for host cell…

4. EVIDENCE for Endosymbiotic Theory
ORGANELLES
Mitochondria & Chloroplast
Similar size and structure of Bacteria
Have Ribosomes…
MEMBRANE
Double membrane similar to Bacteria
DNA
Contain own DNA, circular in structure like bacteria
Makes own proteins
REPRODUCTION
Replicate/divides on own through process of binary fission (like bacteria)

5. “Protista” means very First.
Very First Eukaryotes, which gave rise to Fungi, Plants, and Animals

6. Characteristics Of PROTIST
EUKARYOTIC CELLS:
Unicellular and Multicellular
Heterotrophic and Autotrophic
Classified best by what the are NOT:
Not ANIMALS because…
No period of embryonic development
Not PLANTS because
No structures that protect gametes
Not FUNGI because
No chitin in cell walls

7. ANIMAL-like PROTIST (Protozoans)
QUALITIES similar to animals
Motion, heterotrophic, sexual reproduction
Protozoans “first animals”
Classified bases on LOCOMATION
ZOOFLAGELLATES
Flagella (used to swim)
SARCODINES
Pseudopod (false foot)
CILIATES
Cilia (move like tiny oars)
SPOROZOANS (none)

8. Examples of Animal-Like Prostist
Trichonympha (zooflagellate)
Live in gut of Termite and help digest cellulose (example of a symbiotic relationship)
Amoeba (sarcodine)
Amebic Dysentery is caused by an amoeba… spread by contaminated drinking water…
Attack intestinal wall and cause sever diarrhea & bleeding
Paramecium (ciliate)
Is a predator of the microscopic world.
Plasmodium (sporozoan)
Found in salivary glands of mosquitoes (Malaria)

9. Plasmodium… (continued)
Cause MALARIA in humans
Transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito (plasmodium living in salivary glands)
Plasmodium Sporozoites go to liver (incubate 10days)
Enter blood stream destroying RBCs… toxins released causing chills and fever
There are Drugs to treat malaria, but some strains are resistant
Individuals who are Heterozygous for Sickle Cell are immune…

10. ZOOFLAGELLATE
PARAMECIUM
AMEOBA

12. Plasmodium Life Cycle… Causing Malaria
Mosquito bites human, injecting saliva that contains Plasmodium sporozoites
Plasmodium undergoes several stages of development in mosquito’s body
Plasmodium sporozoites
Sporozoites infect liver cells
Anopheles mosquito bites infected human and picks up Plasmodium cells
Liver
Infected liver cells burst, releasing Plasmodium cells that infect red blood cells
Infected red blood cells burst, releasing Plasmodium cells; some can infect other red blood cells, and others can infect mosquitoes
Plasmodium cells
Red blood cells
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13. PLANT-like PROTIST ( Algae )
QUALITIES similar to PLANTS
Chloroplasts, autotroph, carry out photosynthesis
CHLOROPHYLL – pigment that traps energy from light
Commonly called ALGAE
Classified bases on Accessory PIGMENTS
4 Types of Unicellular
3 Types of Multicellular

14. Examples of Unicellular Plant-Like
Euglena (Euglenophyte)… move w/ flagella
Contain chloroplast (autotrophs)
Also Can ingest food when no light (heterotrophs), uses eye spot to locate light
Dinoflagellates (“fire plants”)
Bioluminescent (produce light)… Large masses (algal blooms) cause “RED TIDES”
Toxins caused by “RED TIDES” accumulate in shell fish
Diatoms (very beautiful)
Cell walls have silicon (found in glass)
Main marine producer; water quality indicator

15. EUGLENA
DIATOMS
DINOFLAGELLATE

16. RED TIDES ( cased by Dinoflagellates)
When shellfish are
Eaten by humans,
Can causes paralytic
Shellfish poisoning,
A deadly
Neurological
Disease….

17. Examples of Multicellular Plant-Like
RED algae
Play an important role in formation (stabilizing) coral reefs (salt water)
BROWN algae
Found in shallow coastal waters, form giant floating mats (km long)… Also giant kelp (salt water)
GREEN algae
Most similar to plants… cell walls have cellulose & store food in form of starch
Many are single cells that live as colonies… some are multicellular (fresh and salt water)

18. RED ALGAE

19. BROWN ALGAE
GIANT KELP

20. GREEN ALGAE
VOLVOX

21. ALGAE - ECOLOGICAL IMPACT
PHYTOPLANKTON
Algae is the major component; found near surface of ocean… BASE of aquatic food chain (“grass of the sea”)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Algae produces HALF of earth’s OXYGEN
ALGAL BLOOM
Most are harmless…
But can deplete water of nutrients
ROB water of oxygen… killing fish
“RED TIDE” – contaminates shellfish

22. PHYTOPLANKTON

23. ALGAE – HUMAN USES NUTRIENT AGAR TREAT HEALTH PROBLEMS FOODS
Made from seaweed to grow bacteria
TREAT HEALTH PROBLEMS
Rich in Vitamin C and Iron
Stomach Ulcers
High Blood Pressure
Arthritis
FOODS
Nori (sushi, wraps fish etc…)
Ice cream
Salad dressing
Pudding
Candy bars

24. FUNGUS-like PROTIST QUALITIES similar to FUNGI
Heterotrophic (consume dead and decaying matter)
Produce spores
Live in damp, nutrient rich environments
Classified into Groups
Slime Molds
Water Molds

25. FUNGUS –LIKE - ECOLOGICAL IPMACT
RECYCLERS
Key role in breaking down dead and decaying matter
TOPSOIL
Provides nutrient rich topsoil
WATER MOLDS
In water, beneficial decomposers…
On land, are Plant Parasites… cause mildew or blight (grapes, potatoes, & tomatoes)

26. SLIME MOLD
WATER MOLD
POTATOE BLIGHT