1. ANTIBIOTICS Dr.Tawfeq A. Al-Howiriny Associate Professor talhowiriny@yahoo.com

2. History of Antibiotics ► Natural – Semisyn. – Syn. – Antibiotic like Comds ► 6000 Years ago, Ancient Chinese used fermented soybeans to treat skin infections ► Nubians have used maize to treat infections

3. History cont. ► The m. o. in the fermented corn produced antibiotics specially tetracyclines ► TCs deposited in calcified tissues ► Calcified tissues Blue fluorescent ► This can be considered a folk medicine type of antibiotic therapy

4. History cont. ► In 1928, Alexander Fleming was studying S. aureus in agar plates. He noticed a zone of inhibition surrounding a penicillium contaminant in one of his cultures. ► The fungus must have been producing antibacterial substance ► The biggest discovery was that : M. O. ABs M. O. ABs

5. History cont. ► 40 ’ s - 70 ’ s : Natural antibiotics - Pen G - Pen G - Cephalosporin C - Cephalosporin C - Streptomycin - Streptomycin - Erythromycin - Erythromycin - Tetracycline - Tetracycline - Chloramphenicol - Chloramphenicol

6. History cont. ► 70 ’ s - 80 ’ s Semisyn. : - Amoxicillin - Amoxicillin - Doxycycline - Doxycycline  80 ’ s – 90 ’ s Syn : - Aztreonam - Aztreonam  Antibiotic like compds : Highly potent, very low MIC Highly potent, very low MIC Fluoroquinolones Fluoroquinolones