1. Socialization From Infancy to Old Age
Chapter 3
Socialization
From Infancy to Old Age

2. Human Development: Nature And Nurture
Is human behavior the result of nature or nurture?
Humans depend on others to provide care
Physical growth
Personality development
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3. The Biological Sciences: The Role of Nature
Charles Darwin
Human behavior was instinctive – our “nature”
U.S. economic system reflects “instinctive human competitiveness”
People are “born criminals”
Women are “naturally” emotional and men are “naturally” more rational
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4. The Social Sciences: The Role of Nurture
John B. Watson ( )
Behaviorism
Held that behavior is not instinctive but learned
People are equally human, just culturally different
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5. Social Isolation Harry & Margaret Harlow (1962) Studied rhesus monkeys
Found that complete isolation for even six months seriously disturbed development
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6. Studies of Isolated Children
What do studies teach us about the importance of social experience?
Anna
Genie
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7. Understanding Socialization
Socialization is a complex lifelong process
Six researchers made lasting contributions to:
Our understanding of human development
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8. Sigmund Freud’s Elements of Personality
Lived when most Europeans considered human behavior biologically fixed
Studied personality and eventually developed the theory of psychoanalysis
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9. Sigmund Freud’s Elements of Personality
Freud’s Model of Personality Id
Basic drives
Unconscious and demands immediate satisfaction
Society opposes the id, which is why one of the first words a child usually learns is “no”
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10. Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
( )
Studied human cognition
How people think and understand
Identified four stages of cognitive development
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11. Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor Stage
The level of human development individuals experience the world through their senses
First two years of life
“Knowing” to very young children amounts to what their senses tell them
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12. Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
The Preoperational Stage
The level of human development:
At which individuals first use language and other symbols
Lack abstract concepts
Cannot judge size, weight, or volume
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13. Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
The Concrete Operational Stage
The level of human development at which individuals first see:
Causal connections in their surroundings
Attach more than one symbol to an event or object
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14. Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
The Formal Operational Stage
The level of human development at which individuals think abstractly and critically
Do you believe that everyone has the capacity to think critically and abstractly?
What role does socialization play in achieving this potential?
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15. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
1981
Are humans born with an understanding between right and wrong?
Studied moral reasoning
Preconventional Level
Young children experience the world in terms of pain and pleasure
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16. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Conventional Level
Appears in the teens
Young people lose some of their selfishness
Learn to define right and wrong in terms of what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms
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17. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
Postconventional Level
People move beyond society’s norms to consider abstract ethical principles
Think about ideas such as liberty, freedom, or justice
Might argue what is lawful might not be right
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18. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
CRITICAL REVIEW
Kohlberg explains moral development in terms of distinct stages
Might not apply to people in all societies
All research subjects were boys
Research cannot be generalized
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19. Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Gender and Moral Development
How do boys and girls differ in their approach to understanding right & wrong?
Girls have a care and responsibility perspective
Impersonal rules have long governed men’s lives (Justice Perspective)
Personal relationships are more relevant to women’s lives
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20. Carol Gilligan – Critical review
Gilligan’s work sharpens understanding of human development and gender issues in research
Does not answer whether nature or nurture is responsible in gender differences
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21. George Herbert Meade’s Theory of the Social Self
Developed theory of social behaviorism
The self
The part of an individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image
Are humans born with a sense of self?
Mead proposed seeing the self as the product of social experience
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22. George Herbert Meade’s Theory of the Social Self
The self develops only with social experience
Rejected the idea that personality is guided by biology (Freud) or biological maturation (Piaget)
Self develops only as individual interacts with others
Without interaction, body grows, but no self emerges
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23. George Herbert Meade’s Theory of the Social Self
Social experience is the exchange of symbols
Humans find meaning in action by imagining people’s underlying intentions
Understanding intention requires imagining a situation from the other’s point of view
All symbolic interaction involves seeing ourselves as others see us
Taking the role of the other
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24. George Herbert Meade’s Theory of the Social Self
The “I” and the “Me”
By taking the role of the another, we become self-aware
Two parts of self; Subject – Active and Objective
What do you think? Do dogs or other animals have a sense of self?
Why or why not?
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25. George Herbert Meade’s Theory of the Social Self
Building on Social Experience
George Herbert Mead described the development of the self as a process of gaining social experience. That is, the self develops as we expand our capacity to take the role of the other.
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26. George Herbert Meade’s Theory of the Social Self
CRITICAL REVIEW
Mead’s work explores the essence of social experience itself
View is completely social – no biological element
“I” and “me” work together, unlike the “id” and “superego”
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27. Erik H. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development
Broader view of socialization
Face challenges throughout the life course
Stage 1
The challenge of trust versus mistrust
Birth to about 18 months
Gain a sense of trust that the world is safe
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28. Erik H. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development
Toddlerhood – The challenge of autonomy (versus doubt and shame)
Stage 3
Preschool – The challenge of initiative (versus guilt)
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29. Erik H. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development
Preadolescence – The challenge of industriousness (versus inferiority)
Stage 5
Adolescence – The challenge of gaining identity (versus confusion)
Teen years
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30. Erik H. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development
Young adulthood – The challenge of intimacy (versus isolation)
Stage 7
Middle adulthood – The challenge of making a difference (versus self-absorption)
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31. Erik H. Erikson’s Eight Stages of Development
Old age – The challenge of integrity (versus despair)
Near the end of life, people hope to look back on accomplishments with a sense of integrity
For the self-absorbed, old age brings a sense of despair over missed opportunities
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32. Agents of Socialization
Family
School
Peer group
Mass media
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33. Family
Why might the family be considered the most important socializing agent?
Nurture in early childhood
Intentional learning and the environment
What is meant by cultural capital?
What role does it play in shaping a child’s confidence?
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34. Racially Mixed People across the United States
This map shows, for 2010, the county-by-county distribution of people who described themselves as racially mixed. How do you think growing up in an area with a high level of racially mixed people (such as Los Angeles or Miami) would be different from growing up in an area with few such people (for example, in upstate New York or the Plains States in the middle of the country)?
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35. The School Enlarges children’s social world
Encountering people who are different, children come to understand
Race
Social-class position
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36. The School Gender What children learn
Schools socialize into gender roles
Continue right through to college
What children learn
Schooling teaches a wide range of knowledge and skills
Also teach informally
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37. The Peer Group
Allows children to escape the direct supervision of adults
In a rapidly changing society, peer groups have great influence
Attitudinal difference might form a “generation gap”
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38. The Peer Group
Are peers or parents more influential in shaping an adolescent?
Peers affect short-term interests, but parental influence remains strong
Any neighborhood or school is made up of many peer groups
Anticipatory socialization
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39. Television Ownership in Global Perspective
Television is popular in high- and middle-income countries, where almost
Every household owns at least one TV.
Sources: TVB (2011), World Bank (2011).
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40. The Mass Media
The means for delivering impersonal communications to a vast audience
Powerful; Influence is different from family, school, or peers
How glued are we to the TV?
U.S. has highest rate of TV ownership in the world
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41. The Mass Media Television and politics Provokes much criticism Liberal
Racial and ethnic minorities have been invisible or stereotyped throughout most of TV history
Recently, minorities have moved to center stage
Conservative
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42. Other Agents Other spheres of social learning Religion Workplace
Military
Social clubs
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43. Socialization & the Life Course
Learning continues throughout our lives
Society organizes human experience according to:
Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood
Old age
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44. Childhood Where were your shoes manufactured?
Would it bother you to know that your shoes may have been made by children?
Most North Americans view childhood as a carefree time of learning and play
This is a new idea
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45. Child Labor in Global Perspective
Sources: UNICEF (2011).
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46. Adolescence Emerged as a buffer between childhood and adulthood
What is meant by the following statement? Give examples.
“Teenage turbulence comes from cultural inconsistency.”
Varies according to social background
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47. Adulthood The time of life when most accomplishments take place
Personalities are formed
Dramatic changes cause significant change to the self
Early adulthood – until age 40
Middle adulthood – between 40 and 60
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48. Old Age The later years of adulthood and the final stage of life
Begins around the mid-sixties
Elderly population is growing nearly as fast as the U.S. population as a whole
Gerontology
The study of aging and the elderly
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49. The Graying of U.S. Society
The proportion of the U.S. population over the age of sixty-five tripled during the last century. The median age of the U.S. population has now passed thirty-five years and will continue to rise.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau (2010).
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50. Old Age Aging and Biology Aging and Culture
For most of our population, aging begins in middle age
Most older people are not disabled nor discouraged by their physical condition
Aging and Culture
Gerontocracy
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51. Old Age Aging and Income In industrial society Ageism
Prejudice and discrimination against older people
Aging and Income
Old age means living with less income
Today, elderly population is doing better
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52. Death and Dying
Denial – expected in a culture that doesn’t talk about death
Anger – a gross injustice to the one facing death
Negotiation – bargaining with God
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53. Death and Dying Resignation – accompanied by psychological depression
Acceptance – complete adjustment to death
Do you believe that people in the U.S. are comfortable with the idea of death?
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54. The Life Course: Patterns and Variations
Life course is largely a social construction
Societies organize the life course according to age.
What other forces shape people’s lives?
Cohort
A category of people with something in common, usually age
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55. Resocialization: Total Institutions
A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by administrative staff
What are the three characteristics of a total institution?
Supervision
Control and standardization
Formal rules and daily routines
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56. Resocialization: Total Institutions
Radically changing an inmate’s personality by carefully controlling the environment
Prisons
Mental hospitals
Two-part process
Break down existing identity
Build a new self through a system of reward and punishment
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