1. Reproduction & Development Review 1

2. 1. What does this diagram represent? 2. Identify structures A and B. A B chromosome A - Chromatids B - Centromere

3. 3. a. What process is represented in the diagram above? Mitosis b. Describe the 2 daughter cells in stage F. They have the same # of chromosomes as the parent cell. They are genetically identical to the parent cell.

4. 4. Which type of cell division does this diagram represent? Explain your answer. Mitosis, 2 new cells made 5. If organism A contains 8 chromosomes, how many chromosomes would the offspring contain? 8

5. 5. a. What process is represented? b. What type of cells are represented above? c. If the first cell is made up of 32 chromosomes, how many chromosomes are found in the daughter cells? d. How is this different from animal cell mitosis? CB A D E F Mitosis Plant cells 32 In plant cell mitosis, cytokinesis occurs as a result of the cell plate forming between the 2 daughter cells. In animal cell mitosis, cytokinesis occurs as a result of the cell membrane pinching in between the 2 daughter cells.

6. 6. As a result of mitotic cell division, a cell having 74 chromosomes gives rise to two cells each of which has a chromosome number of _______ chromosomes. 74

7. 7. a. What is the name of the process represented in the diagram? b. What type of cell division is involved? c. Identify some organisms that use this process. d. What type is reproduction is represented? e. Describe the offspring of this process. Binary fission mitosis ameba, paramecia, bacteria asexual Offspring genetically identical to parent cell.

8. 8. a. What is the name of the process represented in the diagram? b. What type of cell division is involved? c. Identify some organisms that use this process. d. What type is reproduction is represented? e. Describe the offspring of this process. Budding mitosis Yeast, hydra asexual Offspring genetically identical to parent cell.

9. 9. Identify the type of cell division that is used during asexual reproduction. Mitosis 10. What is the difference between budding and binary fission? Budding is an unequal division of cytoplasm while binary fission is an equal division of cytoplasm. 11. Potatoes are known as ____. tubers 12. Mushroom reproduce by releasing ___. Spores 13. This type of reproduction requires 1 parent. Asexual 14. Describe 1 example of regeneration. Starfish can regrow lost arms. Lizards can regrow a lost tail.

10. 15. The type of asexual reproduction in which involves the production of single cells by mitosis that are released into the environment is called 1.regeneration 2.binary fission 3.sporulation 4.vegetative propagation 3 16. The type of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides into to two cells that are of equal size is called 1.regeneration 2.binary fission 3.sporulation 4.vegetative propagation 2

11. 17. Asexual reproduction in plants is known as 1.regeneration 2.vegetative propagation 3.binary fission 4.sporulation 2

12. 18. Identify each type of asexual reproduction below. Regeneration Budding Binary fission Vegetative propagation Sporulation Vegetative propagation

13. 19. Identify the type of asexual reproduction described. a. An organism grows back a lost body part. b. Unequal division of cytoplasm. c. Specialized cells are released and eventually develop into a new organisms that are identical to the parent. d. Asexual reproduction in plants. e. Equal division of cytoplasm. Budding regeneration sporulation Vegetative propagation Binary fission

14. 20. What are the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction? Asexual repro uses one parent while sexual repro uses 2 parents. Asexual repro produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Sexual repro produces offspring that are similar but NOT genetically identical to the parents (genetic variation). Sexual repro involves the joining of gametes while asexual repro does not require gametes. Asexual repro uses mitosis while sexual repro uses meiosis.

15. 21. a, What process is represented in the diagram? b. How many chromosomes are found in these human gametes? meiosis 23

16. A B 22. What is the difference between process A and process B? A is mitosis and B is meiosis.

17. MITOSIS Asexual reproduction For producing body cells, growth, repair New cells – same # of chrom 1  2 cells (1 division) MEIOSIS Sexual reproduction For producing sex cells New cells – ½ chrom 1  2  4 cells (2 divisions) 23. What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

18. Fertilization Zygote Cleavage Blastula Gastrula 24. Label each stage of embryonic development.

19. 25. Cells such as nerve cells and muscle cells are known as (1)gametes (2)sex cells (3)somatic cells (4)specialized cells 3 26. Which statement is true about sexual reproduction? (1)It produces offspring with half the number of chromosomes as the parent. (2)It involves sex cells joining together. (3)It produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parents. 2

20. A B C D E 27. a. What does this process represent? b. What process do B and C represent? c. What does structure E represent? Development of an embryo cleavage blastula

21. 28. The result of meiosis are daughter cells that have (1) half the number of chromosomes (2) a quarter of the number of chromosomes (3) double the number of chromosomes (4) the same number of chromosomes 1 29. The number of chromosomes found in human gametes is (1)46 (2) 92 (3) 23 3

22. 30. a. What is structure A? How was it produced? b. Which structures represent cleavage? c. What is structure E? d. What is structure F? e. What process occurs after structure F is formed? zygotefertilization B, C, D blastula gastrula differentiation

23. Sperm cell male They come from 2 parents, so chromosomes mix, this is sexual reproduction. 31.

24. 32. The development of different organs and tissues from the embryonic germ layers is called (1.) ovulation (2.) menstruation (3.) cleavage (4.) differentiation 4

25. 33. 34. 2 4

26. 35. a. What kind of fertilization is taking place above? b. Explain why so many eggs are released during this process? c. What kind of organisms use this process? External fertilization To increase the chance of fertilization Aquatic organisms

27. 36. Identify the process in the diagram on the left. Incomplete Metamorphosis

28. 37. The process in which insect species change their body shape form and become adults is known as (1) mitosis (2) metamorphosis (3) meiosis (4) cleavage 2 38. Metamorphosis in which larva develop inside pupa is known as (1)incomplete metamorphosis (2) transitional metamorphosis (3) embryonic metamorphosis (4) complete metamorphosis 4

29. 39. An adaptation for reproduction in most terrestrial organisms is (1)vegetative propagation (2)internal fertilization (3)regeneration (4)mitosis 2 40. What is the name of the process that produces gametes? (1)Mitosis (2)Binary fission (3)Asexual reproduction (4)Meiosis 4

30. 41. What is this a diagram of? 42. Identify all the structures labeled. Female reproductive system A - oviduct B - ovary C - vagina D - uterus

31. 43. What is the difference between an embryo and a fetus? Embryo = before 8 weeks Fetus = after 8 weeks 44. How does the fetus get nutrients? Through the placenta 45. What is the umbilical cord made of? Blood vessels from the fetus 46. What is the function of the amniotic sac and fluid? Protection, cushioning, shock absorber 47. What part of the body contracts when a woman is in labor? uterus

32. Sperm cell They are ½ the number. 48. 49.

33. 22 50.

34. Sperm cell egg cell 51.

35. 52. 53. 4 4

36. 54. a. What structure produced estrogen and progesterone? b. Where does a zygote develop? c. Where is the egg fertilized? d. Where does the placenta form? B - ovary D - uterus A - oviduct D - uterus

37. 55. Identify all the structures that are labeled. G - ovary H - oviduct I - uterus J – urinary bladder K - vagina

38. 56. Where are sperm produced? Testes 57. What fluid carries sperm out of the body? Semen 58. What two body systems is the urethra a part of? Reproductive and excretory systems 59. What are the sperm ducts called? Vas deferens 60. Why are the testes located externally? To keep the testes cooler so they can produce sperm.

39. 61. a. Where does fertilization occur? b. Where does the embryo develop? H - oviduct I - uterus

40. A B C 62. Identify the names of all structures labeled. A – vas deferens B - testes C - urethra D E F G H D - penis E - gland F - gland G - gland H – urinary bladder

41. 63. Identify the structures labeled. A – urinary bladder B - urethra C - penis D – vas deferens E - testes F - scrotum

42. 64. Which structure produces sperm cells? 65. Which structure carries sperm and urine out of the body? 66. Which structures transport sperm from the testes to the urethra? 67. Which structures release fluids that make up semen? 68. Which structure keeps the testes cooler than the rest of the body? Testes Urethra Vas deferens Glands Scrotum

43. 69. In the human male, sperm leave the body through the (1.) urethra (2.) testes (3.) epididymis (4.) vas deferens 1 70. In the human male, gametes are produced in the (1.) prostate gland (2.) testes (3.) bladder (4.) urethra 2

44. 71. Sperm is transported to the urethra by tubes called (1.) prostate gland (2.) testes (3.) bladder (4.) vas deferens 4 72. In human males, sperm cells are suspended in a fluid medium. The main advantage gained from this adaptation is that the fluid (1.) activates the egg nucleus so that it begins to divide (2.) provides currents that propel the egg down the oviduct (3.) removes polar bodies from the surface of the sperm (4.) acts as a transport medium for sperm 4

45. 73. Identify the structures labeled. 1 - cervix 2 – umbilical cord 3 - placenta 4 - oviduct 5 – amniotic fluid

46. 74. Where did fertilization take place? 75. Where does the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and wastes occur between mother and fetus occur? 76. What protects the fetus? 3 - placenta 4 - oviduct 5 – amniotic fluid

47. E F G H anther petal filament sepal stigma style ovary ovule 77. Identify the structures labeled.

48. E F G H 78. What is the name of the female reproductive organ? 79. What is the name of the male reproductive organ? Pistil Stamen

49. E F G H 80. Which structures make up the pistil? 81. Which structures make up the stamen? H, G, F A, C

50. 82. Which structure produces the male gametes? 83. Which structure produces the female gametes? 84. Which structures attract pollinators? 85. In order for a flower to be pollinated, what does the pollen attach to? anther Ovary Petals Pollen has to stick to the stigma.

51. 86. What process does the diagram represent? Cross pollination

52. 87. What does structure X represent? 88. What travels down structure X? Where will it go? Pollen tube Pollen, into ovules to fertilize eggs

53. 89. What will the ovules eventually develop into once eggs are fertilized? 90. What will the ovary eventually develop into? seeds fruit

54. 91. 92. 1 2

55. 93. What is the function of the seed coat? 94. When a seeds sprouts it is called 95. What does a seed need to germinate? Protects the seed germination Oxygen, the right temperature, water