1. Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 01
A View of Life
Chapter 1: pp
A View of Life

2. Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 01
Outline
A View of Life
Defining Life - Emergent Properties
Materials and Energy
Reproduction and Development
Adaptations and Natural Selection
Classification
Organization and Diversity
Natural Selection

3. Outline Biosphere Organization The Scientific Method Human Population
Biodiversity
The Scientific Method
Observation
Hypothesis
Data
Conclusion
Scientific Theory

4. Defining Life Living things: Same chemical elements
Obey the same physical and chemical laws
Living organisms consist of cells (Unicellular or Multi-cellular).
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things
Cells are produced from preexisting cells
Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions

5. Defining Life Living organisms can be Microscopic: Bacteria Paramecium
Living organisms can be Macroscopic (Multi-cellular):
Snow goose
Humans
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Bacteria
Paramecium
Morel
Sunflower
Snow goose
(Bacteria): © Dr. Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; (Paramecium): © M. Abbey/Visuals Unlimited; (Morel): © Royalty-Free Corbis; (Sunflower): © Photodisc Green/Getty Images; (Snow goose): © Charles Bush Photography

6. Defining Life Each level of organization has Emergent Properties
Levels range from extreme micro (e.g. Atoms, Molecules and Cells) to global (e.g. Community, Ecosystem and Biosphere)
Each level of organization is more complex than the level preceding it
Emergent properties:
Interactions between the parts making up the whole
All emergent properties follow the laws of physics and chemistry

7. Levels of Biological Organization
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Biosphere Regions of the Earth’s crust,
waters, and atmosphere inhabited by living things
A community plus
Ecosystem
the physical environment
Community Interacting populations in a
particular area
Population Organisms of the same species in a particular area
Organism An individual; complex individuals contain organ systems
Organ System
Composed of several organs
working together
Organ Composed of tissues functioning together for a specific task
Tissue A group of cells with a common structure and function
Cell The structural and functional unit of all living things
Molecule Union of two or more atoms of the same or different elements
Atom Smallest unit of an element composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons

8. Characteristics of Living Things
What characteristics do all living things share?
are made up of basic units called cells,
are based on a universal genetic code, [DNA]
obtain and use materials and energy, [metabolism]
grow and develop,
reproduce, [sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction]
respond to their environment, [stimulus]
maintain a stable internal environment, [homeostasis]
and change over time. [Evolutionary change]

9. Living Things: Acquire & Process Food
Energy – required to maintaining organization and conducting life-sustaining processes
The sun:
Ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on Earth
Certain organisms, such as plants, capture solar energy to carry on photosynthesis
Photosynthesis transforms solar energy into chemical energy (Organic Molecules)
Chemical energy is used by other organisms e.g. animals
Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or in an organism.
Homeostasis - Maintenance of internal conditions within certain boundaries

10. Acquiring Nutrients food a. d. e. b. c. f.
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food a. d. e. b. c. f.
a: © Niebrugge Images; b: © Photodisc Blue/Getty Images; c: © Charles Bush Photography; d: © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; e: © Pat Pendarvis; f: National Park Service Photo

11. Living Things: Respond to Stimuli
Living things interact with the environment and respond to changes in the environment
Response ensures survival of the organism and it often results movement
Vulture can detect and find carcass a mile away and soar toward dinner
Monarch butterfly senses approach of fall and migrates south
Microroganisms can sense light or chemicals
Even leaves of plants follow sun
Activities as a result of Responses are termed behavior

12. Living Things: Reproduce and Develop
Organisms live and die
All living organisms must reproduce to ensure continued existence and maintain population
In most multicellular organisms reproduction:
Begins with union of sperm and egg (fertilization)
Followed by cell division and differentiation
Developmental instructions encoded in genes
Composed of DNA
Long spiral molecule in chromosomes

13. Rockhopper Penguins & Offspring
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© Francisco Erize/Bruce Coleman, Inc.

14. Living Things: Adapt to Change
Adaptation
Any modification that makes an organism more suited to its way of life
Organisms become modified over long period time
Respond to environmental changes by developing new adaptations
However, organisms very similar at basic level
Suggests living things descended from same ancestor
Descent with modification - Evolution
Caused by natural selection

15. Evolution, the Unifying Concept of Biology
Despite diversity, organisms share the same basic characteristics
Composed of cells organized in a similar manner
Their genes are composed of DNA
Carry out the same metabolic reactions to acquire energy
This suggests that they are descended from a common ancestor

16. Classification Taxonomy:
Discipline of identifying and classifying organisms according to certain rules
Hierarchical levels (taxa) based on hypothesized evolutionary relationships
Levels are, from least inclusive to most inclusive:
Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, and domain
A level (e.g. phylum) includes more species than the level below it (e.g. class), and fewer species than the one above it (e.g. kingdom)

17. Levels of Classification

18. Domains Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes
Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes
Extreme aquatic environments
Eukarya
Eukaryotes – Familiar organisms

19. Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 01
A View of Life
Domains
I made this figure as a draft. I could replace it by a better one or if you do have a similar figure add it here.

20. Evolutionary Tree of Life
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BACTERIA
common
ancestor
(first cells)
ARCHAEA
Protists
Photosynthetic
protist
Plants
cell with nucleus
EUKARYA
Fungi
Heterotrophic
Protist
Animals
common ancestor
Past
Present
Time

21. Domains: The Archaea Methanosarcina mazei, an archaeon
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Prokaryotic cells of various shapes
Adaptations to
extreme environments
Absorb or chemosynthesize food
Unique chemical characteristics
Methanosarcina mazei, an archaeon
1.6 m
© Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

22. © A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Domains: The Bacteria
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Prokaryotic cells of various shapes
Adaptations to all environments
Absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food
Unique chemical characteristics
1.5 m
Escherichia coli, a bacterium
© A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

23. Kingdoms Archaea – Kingdoms still being worked out
Bacteria - Kingdoms still being worked out
Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

24. Domains: The Eukaryote Kingdoms
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Protists
KINGDOM: Plants
Algae, protozoans, slime molds, and water molds
Complex single cell (sometimes filaments, colonies, or even multicellular)
Absorb, photosynthesize,
or ingest food
Certain algae, mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants
Multicellular, usually with specialized tissues, containing complex cells
Photosynthesize food
1 m
Paramecium, a unicellular protozoan r
KINGDOM: Fungi
KINGDOM: Animals
Molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and ringworms
Mostly multicellular filaments with specialized, complex cells
Absorb food1
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, frogs, turtles, birds, and mammals
Multicellular with specialized tissues containing complex cells
Ingest food
Coprinus, a shaggy mane mushroom V
ulpes, a red fox
(Protist): © Michael Abby/Visuals Unlimited; (Plant): © Pat Pendarvis; (Fungi): © Rob Planck/Tom
Stack; (Animal): © Royalty-Free/Corbis

25. Scientific Names
Binomial nomenclature (two-word names)- used to assign each organism with two part name e.g. Homo sapience
Universal
Latin-based
First word represents genus of organism e.g. Homo
Second word is specific epithet of a species within the genus e.g. sapience
Always italicized as a Genus species (Homo sapiens)
Genus may be abbreviated e.g. Escherichia coli as E. coli

26. Natural Selection
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Some plants within a population exhibit variation in leaf structure.
Deer prefer a diet of smooth leaves over hairy leaves. Plants with
hairy leaves reproduce more than other plants in the population.
Generations later, most plants within the population have hairy
leaves, as smooth leaves are selected against.

27. Organization of the Biosphere
Population - Members of a species within an area
Community - A local collection of interacting populations
Ecosystem – A community plus its physical environment
How chemicals are cycled and re-used by organisms
How energy flows, from photosynthetic plants to top predators

28. Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Grassland
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heat
solar
energy
heat
heat
heat
heat
heat
WASTE MATERIAL, DEATH,
AND DECOMPOSITION
Chemical cycling
Energy flow

29. Marine Ecosystems: Coral Reef
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a. Healthy coral reef
1975 Minimal coral death
1985 Some coral death with
no fish present
1995 Coral bleaching with limited
chance of recovery
2004 Coral is black from sedimentation;
bleaching still evident b.
a: © Frank & Joyce Burek/Getty Images; b (All): © Dr. Phillip Dustan

30. Human Populations Humans modify ecosystems
Humans negative impact on ecosystems:
Destroy forest or grassland for agriculture, housing, industry, etc.
Produce waste and contaminate air, water, etc.
However, humans depend upon healthy ecosystems for
Food
Medicines
Raw materials
Other ecosystem processes

31. Biodiversity
Biodiversity is the zone of air, land, and water where organisms exist
Abundance of species estimated about 15 million.
The variability of their genes, and
The ecosystems in which they live
Extinction is:
The death of the last member of a species
Estimates of 400 species/day lost worldwide

32. The Scientific Method
Scientific method is a standard series of steps in gaining new knowledge through research.
Begins with observation
Scientists use their five senses e.g. use visual sense to observe animal behavior
Instruments can extend the range of senses e.g. use microscope to see microorganisms
Take advantage of prior studies
Hypothesis
A tentative explanation for what was observed
Developed through inductively reasoning from specific to general

33. The Scientific Method: A Flow Diagram
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Observation
New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.
Hypothesis
Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement.
Experiment/Observations
Conclusion
The hypothesis is
tested by experiment
or further observations.
The results are analyzed,
and the hypothesis is
supported or rejected.
Scientific Theory
Many experiments and
observations support a
theory.
Courtesy Leica Microsystems Inc.

34. The Scientific Method: Experimentation
Purpose is to challenge the hypothesis
Designed through deductively reasoning from general to specific
Often divides subjects into a control group and an experimental group
Predicts how groups should differ if hypothesis is valid
If prediction happens, hypothesis is unchallenged
If not, hypothesis is unsupportable

35. The Scientific Method The results are analyzed and interpreted
Conclusions are what the scientist thinks caused the results
Findings must be reported in scientific journals
Peers review the findings and the conclusions
Other scientists then attempt to duplicate or dismiss the published findings

36. The Scientific Method: Results
Results or Data
Observable, objective results from an experiment
Qualitative Observation – observations identifying or describing components
Quantitative Observations – observations identifying the amounts or proportions of components

37. Scientific Theory Scientific Theory: Scientific Principle / Law:
Joins together two or more related hypotheses
Supported by broad range of observations, experiments, and data
Scientific Principle / Law:
Widely accepted set of theories
No serious challenges to validity

38. Controlled Experiments
Experimental (Independent) variable
Applied one way to experimental group
Applied a different way to control group
Response (Dependent) variable
Variable that is measured to generate data
Expected to yield different results in control versus experimental group

39. Controlled Experiments
Hypothesis- a tentative explanation a scientist proposes for a scientific phenomenon that has been observed
Variable - a factor that may be changed and affect the experiment
Independent Variable - a factor purposefully changed in an experiment
Dependent Variable – a factor measured for changes due to changes in the independent variable ( your results!)
Constant – all other variables
Control – an experimental group that is the basis for comparison, often with an I.V. value of zero.
Trials – repeating experimental group conditions to improve statistical reliability

40. Retrospective study – analysis of records and data collected in the past or recalling past events (hard to have a true control group)
Prospective study – the study is designed before the data is collected.

41. Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 01
Review
A View of Life
Defining Life - Emergent Properties
Materials and Energy
Reproduction and Development
Adaptations and Natural Selection
Biosphere Organization
Human Population
Biodiversity
Classification
The Scientific Method

42. Biology, 9th ed,Sylvia Mader
Chapter 01
A View of Life
A View of Life