1. Exploration & Expansion
Chapter 2
Section 1

2. Essential Question:
What ideas and technologies from the Reformation led to the Age of Exploration and what political, social, and economic changes occurred to those areas explored and the countries exploring them?

3. What new ideas and technologies helped cause the Age of Exploration?
Learning Target:
What new ideas and technologies helped cause the Age of Exploration?

4. What Sparked all this exploring? Aka (Age of Exploration)
Discovery & innovation were encouraged during the Renaissance
Europeans wanted to discover new lands and new trade routes

5. Motivation to Explore Searching for wealth Fame & glory
Spices, silk, perfume, & jade
Brought from China
Fame & glory
Spread their faith
Introduce new people to Christian teachings
Curiosity
People intrigued by those people who had explored before

6. Advances in Technology
Created in Europe during the Renaissance
Chinese & Muslims
Astrolabe – calculate position in the sea based on the position of the stars & horizon
Compass – indicated north
Deep-draft ships
Rode lower in the water
Could withstand heavier waves
More cargo space

7. Caravel – light, fast sailing ship
Steered with a rudder at back of ship
Triangular sails that could be turned to catch the wind
Could be equipped with weapons

8. Essential Question:
What ideas and technologies from the Reformation led to the Age of Exploration and what political, social, and economic changes occurred to those areas explored and the countries exploring them?

9. Learning Target:
What explorers played a key role in the age of exploration & what effects came from their exploration?

10. The Portuguese Portugal – 1st country explore on large scale
Henry the Navigator (Prince Henry)
Supporter of those who wanted to explore
Sent explorers to different parts of the world
West – islands in the Atlantic
South – West coast of Africa
Ultimate goal was to find water route around Africa to India

11. Bartolomeu Dias Vasco da Gama First European to sail
Successfully made it to India
Helped discover trade ports along African coast
Bartolomeu Dias
First European to sail
around tip of Africa
(Cape of Good Hope)

12. The Spanish Christopher Columbus
Financed by King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella
Believed he could sail west & reach China
Reached the Caribbean after 2 months at sea
Columbus thought he’d reached India
Made 3 return trips in his lifetime

13. Amerigo Vespucci Vasco Nunez Balboa Ferdinand Magellan
Realized that Columbus was wrong and had actually discovered a new land
America
Vasco Nunez Balboa
Led expedition across Panama
First European to see the Pacific Ocean
Ferdinand Magellan
1519 leaves with 5 ships, 250 men
Killed in the Philippines by Natives
Sept. 8 – 18 survivors reach Spain again
First people to circumnavigate the world

14. English Explorers John Cabot Sir Francis Drake Henry Hudson (1607)
Sailed to the eastern coast of Canada
Fleet of ships disappeared on 2nd trip
Sir Francis Drake
Explored west coast (California)
Tried to find northern route, got too cold, turned west
2nd man to circumnavigate the world
Henry Hudson (1607)
Wanted to find N.E. passage around Europe

15. French Jacques Cartier (1534) Dutch Henry Hudson (1609)
Searching for N.W. passage around America’s
Claimed land around St. Lawrence river (New France) Canada
Dutch
Henry Hudson (1609)
Looking for N.W. passage
Explored the NY river & Husdon Bay

16. Conquest & Colonies
Chapter 2 Sec. 2

17. Essential Question:
What ideas and technologies from the Reformation led to the Age of Exploration and what political, social, and economic changes occurred to those areas explored and the countries exploring them?

18. Learning Target:
What colonies were established during exploration and what countries explored these new territories?

19. Settling in the new world
Spain was one of the first to establish successful settlements

20. Effects of encomienda system
Caribbean Islands
Introduced encomienda system
(def.) colonist is given land and Native Americans to work it for him
Colonists were required to teach natives about Christianity
Effects of encomienda system
Natives were overworked & mistreated
Diseases spread – small pox, tuberculosis, measles

21. Mexico vs. Hernan Cortes Moctezuma II – Emperor of Aztec’s
Conquistador
(def.) Spanish military leader that fought against the natives of the America’s
Moctezuma II – Emperor of Aztec’s
Ruled much of Mexico
Unpopular with those he had conquered
vs.
Spanish advantages
Metal weapons
Heavy armor
Guns
Horses
Cortes captures Moctezuma
Moctezuma dies during attack
After several months Aztec’s are defeated

22. Peru vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa – Incan Ruler Conquistador
Wanted to claim so of the famous wealth of the Incans for himself
Atahualpa – Incan Ruler
Agreed to meet with Pizarro (1532)
Incans had just suffered through a smallpox epidemic
vs.
Pizarro demands that Atahualpa accepts Christianity
Wants empire handed over to Spain
Gave Pizzaro a lot of gold, silver
Atahualpa refuses to hand over empire, taken prisoner
Atahualpa is killed and Spanish take over the Incan empire

23. Controlling the colonies
Spain now controls a huge amount of land in the Americas
Viceroys chosen by the king to control parts of colonies for the king
Spanish colonies economy is based on mining of gold and silver
Native Americas used as mine labor
Bartolomé de Las Casas – priest that worked to have treatment of Natives reformed
Suggested replacing them with imported African slaves

24. New France French established colonies in modern day Canada
Found expensive trade goods to send back to Europe
Fish
Furs (fox, lynx, otter, etc.)
Only sent a small group of traders to the colonies instead of many colonists

25. 1682 Rene-Robert La Salle
Canoed down the entire Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico
Claimed Mississippi region for France, named Louisiana after King Louis XIV

26. The Dutch & New Netherland
New Netherland – only large Dutch colony in North America
Located on Hudson River valley
Island of Manhattan bought from natives and re-named New Amsterdam (New York city)

30. Manhattan
1609 vs. 2009

36. The English 1607 – first colony, Jamestown in established
80%of settlers died during the 1st winter
1620 – Pilgrims arrive from England
Plymouth, Massachusetts

37. British vs. French
English colonists trying to settle in French territory in upper Ohio River valley
1754 – war breaks out
Natives help fight on each side
“French & Indian War”
After much fighting the British take Canada & all French territory east of the Mississippi
War costs Britain $45 billion (est.), which they try to re-coup by taxing the colonists

38. New Patterns of Trade
Chapter 2 Sec. 3

39. Columbian Exchange
(def) – widespread exchange of plants, animals and disease.
Plants and animals develop differently depending on where they are.

40. Horses (beasts of burden) introduced to Americas
New foods
Europe – potatoes, corn, sweet potatoes, turkey
Americas – coffee, oranges, rice, wheat, beef
Horses (beasts of burden) introduced to Americas

41. Effects of Columbian Exchange
New foods helped provide nutrition and promote better health
China’s population grows rapidly with introduction of corn
Eating habits and foods changed when new food was introduced
1/3 of all food crops grown around the world are American crops

42. New Disease
Small pox, measles, influenza, malaria killed millions of Native Americans
½ of Santo Domingo killed by small pox
Population of Central Mexico drops 30% in the first 10 years after contact with Europeans

43. Mercantilism (def.) a nations strength depends on its wealth
Can build strong militaries
Can expand influence
Fixed amount of wealth (gold/silver) in the world, in order to possess more, you must take it
Favorable balance of trade – selling more goods to a country than you are buying from them
1. Placing tariffs on imports
2. Encourage exporting more expensive goods
Gov’t offered subsidies for companies to start businesses
3. Control access to raw materials (wool, metal, etc.)

44. Impact of colonization
Colonies only seen to benefit the home country
Colonists restricted to who they could sell to
Cities and towns in Europe grow as more companies are started
Wealthy class of businessmen was created

45. Capitalism Business is privately owned and run for a profit
As demand for a product increases so does the price

46. British East India Company – 1600 Virginia Company – 1607
Joint-stock companies – sold ‘shares’ of a company to raise money to make the company bigger and better
British East India Company – 1600
Wanted to import more spices from Asia
Virginia Company – 1607
Estab. First successful English colony (Jamestown, VA)