1. Exam Review SCI404 June 14 th, 2011

2. Reminders Your exam is Thursday June 16 th, 9:00am in the GYM. Please arrive early to return textbooks (Room 305)  Bring your writing implements, a ruler and a CALCULATOR.

3. Important Note This tutorial and the contents of these slides are just an overview of the material you should study for your exam. Studying ONLY these slides is NOT ENOUGH to ensure that you will be ready for your exam. You must study your notes, the textbook and answer all related questions that are presented in your study guide- see Mr. Wilder’s website if you have not downloaded it yet

4. ES – The Nitrogen Cycle

5. Carbon Cycle

6. The Greenhouse Effect

7. ES – Energy Resources Most energy is eventually converted into electrical energy for human use. Every “Sphere” has major energy sources associated with it. There are advantages and disadvantages for each of the energy sources discussed. Please complete this question in the study guide carefully!

8. ES – Salinity of Water

9. ES – Air Masses (1)

10. ES – Air Masses (2)

11. ES - Tides

12. MW – Electrical Charges – A positively charged body has more protons than electrons (p+ > e-) – A negatively charged body has more electrons than protons (p+ < e-) – Like charges repel whereas opposite charges attract. – We are given four spheres, A, B C and D. Sphere A is positively charged and the charges on spheres B, C and D are unknown.

13. MW – Ohm’s Law Which one of the following graphs represents Ohm's Law for a given resistance? V IR

14. Power, Energy Calculating Power (measured in Watts) P=VI Calculating Energy (measured in Joules) E=Pt Calculating Energy Efficiency= use the equation!

15. MW – Electrical Circuits Series Circuit: One loop. Electrons have no choice. Current Intensity measured in series Voltage (Potential Diff.) measured in parallel Parallel Circuit: More than one loop – with branches! Electrons have choice! Current Intensity measured in series Voltage (Potential Diff.) measured in parallel

16. TW – Power Supplies Three major types of power supplies: – Batteries – Electrical Outlet – Photovoltaic Cells Know the main advantages and disadvantages of each.

17. TW – Insulators and Conductors Conductors are substances that permit the free flow of electrical charges. Electrolytic solutions are good examples of conductors, so are metals. Insulators are substances that impede (prevent) the flow of electrical charges. Pure water, air, Styrofoam, and most non-metals are good examples of insulators.

18. TW - Protection The role of protection is to automatically stop current flow in the case of a power surge. Both fuses and breakers are commonly used for this purpose.

19. TW - Control Switches help to CONTROL the flow of the current.

20. MW – Energy Transformations (V  I  t) Remember that Electrical Energy (V  I  t) can be converted into any other form of energy. The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it is simply transferred or transformed.

21. MW - Concentration the concentration of a solution is the amount of solute in a given amount of solution C = m v You may be asked to express concentration in parts per million (ppm) The concentration in ppm is the number of parts of solute in a million parts of solution. C= concentration in g/L m= mass of the solute (in grams) V= volume of the solution (in L)

22. MW - PPM Remember Ms. Mishriky and Mr. Moscoso’s HANDY-DANDY conversion table 1ppm 1 g____ 1 000 000 g 1 mg 1000 g 1 mg 1 kg In aqueous solutions 1ppm 1 g 1000 L 1 mg 1 L

23. MW – pH Scale Acid-base neutralization reaction: – By adding an acid to a base you can neutralize the base (or lower the concentration of base) – By adding a base to an acid you can neutralize the acid (or lower the concentration of acid) – The neutralization reaction of an acid with a base will always produce water and a salt as shown below: HCl + NaOH → H 2 O + NaCl

24. MW – Matter & Changes There are 3 types of changes which matter undergoes: – Physical Changes [change of shape, state, etc.] – Chemical Changes [a/b neutr., photo., resp., comb.] – Nuclear Changes/Transformations [fission, fusion] No matter what kind of change occurs, the law of conservation of matter always holds true: – Sum of mass of reactants = sum of mass of products – B/c matter is neither created nor destroyed

25. MW – Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams Remember: 1st shell – 2 electrons, 2nd shell – 8 electrons, 3rd shell – 8 electrons, 4th shell – 18 electrons.

26. MW – Lewis Dot Notation In this notation: Dots representing valence electrons are placed around the chemical symbol of the element Recall: Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell and are responsible for bonding

27. MW – Periodic Table The elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number Each row is called a period and are numbered 1 to 7 – What period the element belongs to because the period tells us the number of electron shells. Each column is called a group and is numbered with a combo of numbers from 1 to 18 & letters A or B – What group is it found in within the periodic table so that we can determine the number of valence electrons in the outermost shell. Elements are classified into three categories (metals, non-metals and metalloids). The staircase structure found in the right hand side of the periodic table helps to locate these categories

28. LW – Population Studies Population : total of individuals of a same species that live in a same geographic area Population density: number of individuals per unit of area or unit of volume of a given territory Biological cycle: the range of steps that an organism goes through over the course of its life Polulation size is affected by a variety of factors including: – Birthrate: the number of individuals born within the species – Deathrate: the number of individuals that die within the species – Immigration: the number of individuals from neighbouring regions that join the population – Emigration: the number of individuals that leave the population

29. LW – Population Size There are three major methods for determining population size: 1.Counting Individuals 2.Sampling 3.Mark and Recapture Each method has advantages and disadvantages

30. LW – Trophic Levels

31. LW – Population Dynamics Predator/Prey relations are not the only type of interactions within a community: there are also: * Competition * Mutualism* Commensalism

32. LW – Food Webs/Chains

33. TW – Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on: – Design – Production – Analysis – working and improvement of technical objects with moving parts.

34. TW - Links

35. TW – Guiding Controls A guiding control restricts the movement of a moving part of a machine. – An example of this would be the grooves of a window frame that allow the window to move up and down but keep it from falling out. – Another example would be the axle of a wheel allows the wheel to turn while restricting all other movement.

36. TW – Speed changes A speed change occurs in a motion transmission system when the driver does not turn at the same speed as the driven component or components.

37. Good Luck! You have put in a great deal of work to get this far – it’s almost summer vacation! Keep up the hard work for a couple of days!!! Good luck to all of you on your final exam! Thank you for your attention!