1. SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY Learning to THINK like a SCIENTIST!!!

2. Accurate vs. Precise

3. Designing an Experiment When you are designing an experiment, what should you start with or make before you begin? Observation! What’s an observation? What do we use to make them? We use our Five Senses to make an observation! Then a question regarding that observation is asked. The PROBLEM QUESTION From there you must figure out a way to collect data that will help answer your question.

4. The PROBLEM QUESTION… Before you ask this question you must know what VARIABLES you are working with. Every experiment has two variables: INDEPENDENT and DEPENDENT

5. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE This is the variable that you will be controlling (changing) in the experiment. This is the variable that might effect the results of the experiment.

6. DEPENDENT VARIABLE This is what you will be measuring in the experiment. This is the variable that gives you the data (numbers) you will be collecting. Let’s Practice with an Airplane lab!!!

7. QUESTION: What is the I.V. ? What is the D.V.? I.V. = type of modification used on the plane Because it is what we are controlling/changing. D.V. = distance the plane flew Because this is what we are measuring. Airplane Lab

8. Let’s Practice… Pepper Lab You want to grow some big peppers this summer, but you do not know which fertilizer will make them grow biggest. Last year you didn’t use any fertilizers, so this year you set up five rows of peppers. Here is what you put on each row: 1. Cow poop 2. Miracle Grow 3. Nitrogen 4. Nothing 5. Compost

9. Let’s Practice… Pepper Lab You want to grow some big peppers this summer, but you do not know which fertilizer will make them grow biggest. Last year you didn’t use any fertilizers, so this year you set up five rows of peppers. QUESTION: What is the I.V. ? What is the D.V.?

10. ANSWER… I.V. = The different types of fertilizer Because it is what we are controlling/changing. D.V. = size of the peppers Because this is what we are measuring.

11. Let’s Practice Some More… Tea Lab You want to know if sugar will dissolve faster in cold or hot tea. QUESTION: What is the I.V. ? What is the D.V.?

12. ANSWER… I.V. = temperature of the tea Because it is what we are controlling/changing. D.V. = time it takes the sugar to dissolve. Because this is what we are measuring.

13. Setting Up a Data Tables When you make a data table: the I.V. always goes on the LEFT the D.V. always goes on the RIGHT 12341234 20 21 22 23

14. The PROBLEM QUESTION… Now that you know what variables are, you can write the problem question for the experiment!!! Follow this formula: What is the effect of the _________ on the ________?

15. Let’s Practice… Airplane Lab Write the problem question for the Airplane Lab. ANSWER: What is the effect of the different types of modifications on the distance the plane travels?

16. Let’s Practice… Pepper Lab Write the problem question for the pepper experiment. ANSWER: What is the effect of using cow poop on the size of the peppers?

17. Let’s Practice Some More… Tea Lab Write the problem question for the hot and cold tea experiment. ANSWER: What is the effect of the temperature of the tea on how much time it takes the sugar to dissolve?

18. Designing an Experiment Starts with an observation. Then a question regarding that observation is asked. The PROBLEM QUESTION From there you must figure out a way to collect data that will help answer your question.

19. In your own words, define what you think a hypothesis is. Try your best to answer this question in a sentence or two.

20. Designing an Experiment Next, you think about what you expect the outcome to be. This is done BEFORE the experiment and is based on your prior knowledge of the situation. (NOT a guess!!!) The HYPOTHESIS: An “Educated Prediction” not a guess! “I don’t care what you think, feel or believe!” Science is about FACTS not opinions!

21. The HYPOTHESIS… Follow this formula: If _________________________ Then the ___________ will _________________________

22. Let’s Practice Together… Write a hypothesis for the Airplane experiment using the “variable” you chose! ANSWER: IF I use a paper clip on my plane, Then the distance the airplane travels will increase.

23. Let’s Practice… Write a hypothesis for the pepper experiment. ANSWER: IF the type of fertilizer is cow poop Then the size of the peppers will increase.

24. Let’s Practice Some More… Write a hypothesis for the hot and cold tea experiment. ANSWER: If the temperature of the tea is hot Then the time it takes the sugar to dissolve will stay the same.

25. Designing an Experiment Now you know how to: Make an Observation Determine the I.V. and the D.V. Write a Problem Question Write a Hypothesis But, there’s more to understand here…

26. Good Afternoon! Place you Intro RFA packets in the test bin. Get out any extra credit work and place it under the volleyball next to the test bin. Pick up the Chemistry RFA packet Wait for further instructions.

27. Exam Studying You want to know if you will perform better on a science quiz by studying for 5, 25 or 60 mins/night, on top of your other homework. For the first quiz, you study for 5 mins/night. The next quiz, you study 25 mins/night and for the last quiz, you study the usual 60 mins/night. Write the I.V. & D.V. Use your notes to help you!!! Problem question Hypothesis for the following scenario.

28. Answers I.V. = the time you study each night D.V. How well you perform on the quiz What is the effect of the time I study for my science quiz on how well I do on the science quiz? If I study 25 minutes a night for my quiz, then my science quiz grade will increase.

29. Constants and Controls In every experiment you can only change one variable. The rest must be held constant. A constant is something that stays the same throughout the lab. What were the constant(s) in the Airplane Lab? Where you stood, used same plane, threw in same direction The control group is… the part of the lab that we use to compare our results to! No changes are made to the control in the lab! (Usually the original) What was the control in the Airplane Lab? The First throw! B/c I can compare the 2 throws!

30. The CONTROL GROUP… You will collect data from this group, BUT it does not have any of the I.V. Challenge… What is the control group in the Pepper experiment??? Answer: The row without any fertilizer!!!

31. Identifying Controls and Variables Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers. He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same task (in this case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Group A is given the special juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the special juice. After an hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each group has made. Group A made 1,587 stacks, Group B made 2,113 stacks. 1. Independent Variable 2. Dependent Variable 3. Control Group

32. Answers… I.V. which group gets the special juice D.V. how many stacks of papers each group has made. Control is Group B because they did not get the special juice. We can compare the results to this group!

33. Identifying Controls and Variables Homer notices that his shower is covered in a strange green slime. His friend Barney tells him that coconut juice will get rid of the green slime. Homer decides to check this out by spraying half of the shower with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the shower with water as always. After 3 days of "treatment" there is no change in the amount of the green slime on either side of the shower. 1. Independent Variable 2. Dependent Variable 3. Control Group

34. Answers… I.V. which side of the shower was sprayed with coconut juice. D.V. the amount of the green slime in the shower Control the side of the shower that was sprayed with water.

35. Identifying Controls and Variables Bart believes that mice exposed to microwaves will become extra strong (maybe he's been reading too much Radioactive Man). He decides to perform this experiment by placing 10 mice in a microwave for 10 seconds. He compared these 10 mice to another 10 mice that had not been exposed. His test consisted of a heavy block of wood that blocked the mouse food. He found that 8 out of 10 of the microwaved mice were able to push the block away. 7 out of 10 of the non- microwaved mice were able to do the same. 1.Independent Variable 2.Dependent Variable 3. Control Group

36. Answers… I.V. Which mice were microwaved or not. D.V. If they could move the heavy wood block or not. Control The mice that were non-microwaved.

37. Experimental Design Mission

38. Your White Board Mission… For each of the following experiments write: 1.The independent variable 2.The dependant variable 3.A problem question 4.A hypothesis 5. Control group

39. Breakfast Experiment #1 A study is being conducted to find out if students who eat different breakfast’s before school performs better on their test scores. One group of students is given no breakfast as always. A second group is fed candy, and a third group is fed a healthy breakfast and a fourth group is feed only protein shakes. The students are then given a test.

40. Breakfast Experiment #1 1.The independent variable- The different types of breakfast consumed 2.The dependent variable- test scores 3.A problem question/statement- What is the effect of the different types of breakfast consumed by students on their test scores? 4.A hypothesis- If a student eats a healthy breakfast then their test scores will increase. 5. Control group- No breakfast

41. Deodorant Experiment #2 I see a commercial on T.V. that claims this deodorant removes Michael’s bad odors better than any other. I decide to try the deodorant and see if it really works on Michael’s bad odors. For the first week I used Smell-NoMo on Michael, for the second I use Stank-B-Gone on Michael, for the third week I used Why-B-Stinkin’ on Michael and for the fourth week, unfortunately, I used nothing on Michael! 1. Independent Variable 2. Dependent Variable 3. Problem question4. Hypothesis 5. Control Group

42. The Deodorant Experiment #2 1.The independent variable- Different types of air freshener 2.The dependent variable- the amount of odor removed 3.A problem question/statement- What is the effect of the different types of air freshener on the amount of odor removed? 4.A hypothesis- If the air freshener used is Why-B-Stinkin then the amount of odor removed will increase. 5. Control group- No air freshener

43. The Sneaker Experiment #3 I see an add on the internet that claims the latest “Got Wind” sneakers will make you run faster. I decided to test them out. I run once around the block with my old Puma sneakers and record the time. The next day, I run around the block again with my new “Got Wind” sneakers and record the time. On the 3 rd day I run around with a new pair of Nike’s and record the time. The 4 th day I decide to wear a new pair of Adidas and also record the time. 1. Independent Variable 2. Dependent Variable 3. Problem question4. Hypothesis 5. Control Group

44. The Sneaker Experiment #3 1.The independent variable- Different types of sneakers 2.The dependent variable- time of run around the block 3.A problem question/statement- What is the effect of the different types of sneakers on how fast I run around the block? 4.A hypothesis- If I chose the “Got Wind” sneaker over my old sneakers, then I will run faster. 5. Control group- The Puma Sneakers

45. Flashback Questions 1. Explain the difference between a control and a constant in a lab experiment? A constant is something that stays the same throughout the lab. The control group is the part of the lab that we use to compare our results to! No changes are made to the control in the lab! (Usually the original) 2. Why is the control so important in a lab? It allows us to compare the results in the lab!

46. Writing a conclusion to an experiment… A conclusion is how you will share the overall results of your experiment. Every conclusion needs to have the following FOUR items… 1.The PURPOSE of the experiment 2.The HYPOTHESIS 3. What the data showed (results statement) (Use at least 2 examples) of Data (numbers) to support the results statement. Compare your results to the control in the lab! 4. If the data supported or did not support my hypothesis.

47. Writing a PURPOSE… Use the formula: The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effect of the (I.V.) on the (D.V.). Write a purpose statement for the pepper lab The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effects of the different fertilizers on the size of the peppers.

48. Pepper Lab Data My Hypothesis was if I use cow poop, then the size of the peppers will increase. Type of fertilizer (I.V) Cow poop Miracle Grow Nitrogen Nothing Compost Size of Peppers (D.V.) 4 inches 1 inch 2 inches 3 inches 8 inches Choose a fertilizer and write a hypothesis.

49. Pepper Conclusion Example 1.The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effects of the different fertilizers on the size of the peppers. 2. My hypothesis was if I use cow poop, then the size of the peppers will increase. 3. The data showed that as I used cow poop, the peppers increased from 3 inches with no fertilizer compared to 4 inches in size with cow poop. 4. The data did support my hypothesis.

50. Breakfast Lab Type of BreakfastTest Scores No Breakfast Junk Food Healthy breakfast Protein shakes Write a conclusion for the Breakfast Lab using this data. I.V. types of breakfast D.V. test scores 72% 84.3% 94.5% 91.7%

51. Breakfast Conclusion The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of the different types of breakfasts on the test scores. My hypothesis was that if I eat a healthy breakfast then my test scores will increase. The data showed that with no breakfast the test scores averaged a 72%, compared with a healthy breakfast, test scores averaged a 94.5%. The data did support my hypothesis.

52. Deodorant Lab Type of Deodorant Smell-NoMo Stank-B-Gone Why-B-Stinkin’ Nothing Write a conclusion for the deodorant Lab using this data. I.V. types of deodorant D.V. days he smelled good Days he smelled good 4 days out of a week 6 days out of a week 2 days out of a week 0 days out of a week

53. Deodorant Conclusion The purpose of this experiment was to find the effect of the different types of deodorant on the amount of days he smelled good. My hypothesis was that if I use Smell-NoMo on him then his stink would decrease. The data showed that with no deodorant he smelled good zero days, compared to Smell- NoMo, where he smelled good for four days. The data did support my hypothesis.

54. Flatulence Experiment Michael Vick and Mr. Madigan wanted to see what types of food would make them the most gassy. First they tried bake beans. The next day they tried broccoli. The following day they tried cabbage. They also took data without eating any food. Find the I.V. and D.V. Write a Hypothesis

55. *The Data Was your hypothesis correct? Types of Food No Food Baked Beans Broccoli Cabbage Amount of Flatulence 13 Flatulence 41 Flatulence 34 Flatulence 26 Flatulence

56. YOUR MISSION…. * Homework * Write the conclusion for the Flatulence experiment. Every conclusion needs to have the following FOUR items… 1.The PURPOSE of the experiment 2.The HYPOTHESIS 3.What the data showed (results statement) Data (numbers) to support the results statement. Remember to use two examples and compare it to the control! 4. If the data supported, did not support, or was not clear about the hypothesis.

57. Flatulence Experiment IV- The type of food eaten DV- The amount of Flatulence Problem Question- What is the effect of the type of food eaten on the amount of Flatulence ? Hypothesis- If the type of food eaten is baked beans then the amount of Flatulence will increase. Control Group- No food

58. Flatulence Experiment Conclusion The purpose of this experiment was to find the effect of the different types of food eaten on the amount of Flatulence produced. The hypothesis was that if the food eaten was baked beans that the amount of Flatulence produced would increase. The data showed that with no food the amount of Flatulence was 13, but with the use of baked beans the Flatulence increased to 41. The data supported the hypothesis.

59. Flavored Dog Bone Experiment Write a conclusion Type of Flavored Dog Bone Fish Beef Liver Chicken Lamb Original Bone So that I am not wasting money, I want to find out what kind of flavored bone is my dog’s favorite. I buy five different flavored bones (chicken, beef, liver, fish, and lamb) and leave out her original rawhide bone; then I keep track of the amount of time my dog spends with each flavored bone. Time spent with bone 15 minutes 25 minutes 2 minutes 5 minutes 12minutes 10 minutes

60. Flavored Dog Bone Answers 1.The independent variable- Different types of flavored dog bones 2.The dependant variable- amount of time the dog spends with the flavored bone 3.A problem question- What is the effect of the different types of flavored dog bones on the amount of time the dog spends with the flavored bone? 4.A hypothesis- If the dog is given a beef flavored bone then the amount of time the dog spends with the bone will increase. 5. Control group- The original rawhide bone

61. *Flavored Dog Bone Experiment The purpose of this experiment was to find out the effect of different flavors of bones on the time the dog spends with the bone. My hypothesis was if the bone is beef flavored, the amount of time the dog spends with the bone will increase. The dog spent 25 minutes with the beef flavored bone, compared to the 10 minutes the dog spent with the original bone. The data did support my hypothesis.

62. Softball Bat Experiment Type of Bat used Phat Bat Beefy Bat Lumber Bat Big Boy Bat Little Bomber Bat Original Bat So that I am not wasting money, I want to find out which softball bat will allow me to hit the ball farthest. I borrow 5 different bats and hit the same 10 balls to the outfield! Then I record their distances. Distance of the ball 15 feet 25 feet 20 feet 50 feet 120 feet 35 feet

63. CaCl 2 Experiment Conclusion The purpose of this experiment was to find out the effect of different amounts of CaCl 2 on the temperature of the water. My hypothesis was if the amount of Cacl 2 is increased then the temperature of the water will increase. The data showed that the temperature did increase. At 0 scoops of CaCl 2 the temperature was 20.4 o Celsius. When I added one scoop it was 21.2 o, 2 scoops 22.3 o and the temperature continued to increase. The data supported my hypothesis.