1. LESSON 1A – ITALIAN FASCISM Essential Question To what extent did Fascism influence foreign policy in the 1920s? Learning Outcomes - Students will: Preview – What do I need to answer? Learn about the problems in postwar Italy Learn about Mussolini’s solutions to these problems Success Criteria I can define fascism using examples from postwar Italy Leave space for 2 lessons

2. PREVIEW To what extent did Fascism influence foreign policy in the 1920s? What are the questions I have to answer? What does “To what extent” mean?

3. VOCAB “To what extent” Fascism Fiume Affair Benito Mussolini biennio rosso squadre d’azione March on Rome

4. READING SL & HL – Pg. 112-118 (Move to Global War) HL Only – Pg. 65~90 Make sure you are adding to Notes Essential Question IB Math Notes only = max 5 Textbook only = max 5 Notes + Textbook = 6~7 3 Lessons

5. FASCISM IDEOLOGY When Mussolini came to power until 1925, it was “more a political action party seeking an ideology” James B. Whisker Therefore, more pragmatic group that can adjust to different situations Ex. Communism – Ideology is already created, therefore forced to follow its ideas, as opposed to creating their own

6. POSTWAR ITALY Factors 1.Returning unemployed soldiers 2.Partito Socialista Italiano (PSI) – Because of “total war,” Italian industrial workers grew, as did trade unions After the war, unemployment rose to 2 million (1919) leading to the biennio rosso (‘Red Years’) Gov’t pushed capitalists to accept labours demands 3.WW1– Polarized the country, with those who criticized the mismanagement of the gov’t (600,000 killed) as well as the failure of the Treaty of Versailles to gain the land outlined in the Treaty of London (1915) Fiume Affair (1919) – in protest to the T of V, 2000 Italian soldiers occupy Fiume and didn’t leave until the PM was replaced Who is to blame for all this?

7. ENTER MUSSOLINI Problems 1.Returning Soldiers – Mussolini, as member of the Arditi (‘Daring Ones’) attempted to merge all the right-wing groups forming Fascio di Combattimento By 1919, 70 towns in Italy had these groups, but they were not very strong, winning zero seats in the Nov. 1919 elections United by their hatred for weak, liberal gov’t 2.PSI – Mussolini offered to send squadre d’azione to violently aid the industrialists in the North break the strikers Industrialists and landowners saw the Fascists fighting against the socialists 1921 – squadre d’azione killed 100 socialists 1920 – socialists won control of 26 of 69 provinces (N and C Italy) 1921 – socialists are the largest party with 123 seats United in their fear of socialism

8. ENTER MUSSOLINI Problems Weak Government – May ’21~ Oct ’22, 3 weak coalition gov’ts ruled March on Rome (Oct ’22) – 40,000 Blackshirts marched on Rome to seize power, but were stopped by 400 policemen at the train station PM wished to declare a state of emergency, but King Victor Emmanule refused; he resigns and the King names Mussolini PM, even though he only had 35 seats (7%) in parliament

9. WHAT IS FASCISM? From the events leading to Mussolini’s rise to power, what is fascism? Ex. How did he come to power? Was he elected? What does this show about democracy? Ex. Who are the enemies? Ex. Why did the industrialists support them? Ex. Why was Italy upset after WW1? What is Fascism? Anti-democratic – do not respect democratic institutions, such as Parliament, other political parties, etc… Anti-communist - 1921 – squadre d’azione killed 100 socialists Militant/Use of violence - squadre d’azione, Blackshirts Nationalistic/Pride in the state – Fiume Affair

10. LESSON 1B – ITALIAN FASCISM Essential Question To what extent did Fascism influence foreign policy in the 1920s? Learning Outcomes - Students will: Preview – What is Fascism? Learn about Mussolini’s economic policy Find out if he achieved his Foreign policy goals in the 1920s Success Criteria I can create my outline to answer the essential question Leave space for 2 lessons

11. PREVIEW What is Fascism? Do you think it sounds like a good idea for Postwar Italy?

12. VOCAB Acerbo Law Corfu incident Corporate State Battle of Wheat Stresa Front

13. READING SL & HL – Pg. 112-118 (Move to Global War) HL Only – Pg. 65~90 Make sure you are adding to Notes Essential Question IB Math Notes only = max 5 Textbook only = max 5 Notes + Textbook = 6~7 3 Lessons

14. CONSOLIDATE POWER Acerbo Law (July ‘23) – using intimidation, Mussolini passed a law that would give 2/3 of seats in parliament to the party that won the most votes Now he needed to win Corfu incident (Aug ’23) – an Italian general is murdered in Greece Mussolini demanded an apology and 50 mil lire from the Greek gov’t, who refused as they were not responsible Mussolini invaded the Greek island of Corfu, ignoring warnings from the League of Nations Greece paid the fine making Mussolini and national hero and easily winning the election No apology and were forced to leave the island afterwards due to British pressure Why did Mussolini not stand up to Britain as he did Greece?

15. FOREIGN POLICY Goals Success? Increase national pride Consolidate domestic support Revise the post-WW1 settlement Dominate the Balkans Dominate the Mediterranean (mare nostrum ) Build an Empire (spazio vitale or living space) Spread Fascism to other countries

16. ECONOMIC POLICY To implement his foreign policy, Mussolini needed to make sure he had the support of the Italian population 1 st priority – fix the economy Corporate State – bring employees and employers under one confederation, supervised by the state 1934 – 22 corporations were established employees were forbidden to strike and always lost appeals for raises Battle of Wheat – goal was to make Italy self-sufficient agriculturally Wheat production did increase Would have been cheaper importing from the US Land used for wheat would have been better suited growing olives or fruits, which resulted in an overall decrease in agricultural production Did Mussolini fix the economy? Do you think he admitted this? What did he do instead?

17. WHAT IS FASCISM? From the events leading to Mussolini’s rise to power, what is fascism? Ex. What type of gov’t should lead? Ex. What was the Fascist solution to economic problems? What is Fascism? Anti-democratic – do not respect democratic institutions, such as Parliament, other political parties, etc… Anti-communist - 1921 – squadre d’azione killed 100 socialists Militant/Use of violence - squadre d’azione, Blackshirts Nationalistic/Pride in the state – Fiume Affair Authoritarian leadership - Acerbo Law & Matteotti Crisis State control benefiting businesses – Corporate State

18. FOREIGN POLICY ACT Diplomacy 1924 – Pact of Rome: Yugoslavia accepts Italian occupation of Fiume 1925 – Locarno Treaty: European powers, including Italy, recognize the current borders of Europe 1926 – Britain and France give Italian colonies parts of Egypt and Kenya Aggression/Seeking Allies 1929 – gave aid to an Albanian chieftain, who proclaimed himself king Gave secret support to extreme nationalists groups in Germany, Bulgaria, Austria and Hungary

19. FOREIGN POLICY Goals Success? Increase national pride Consolidate domestic support Revise the post-WW1 settlement Dominate the Balkans Dominate the Mediterranean (mare nostrum ) Build an Empire (spazio vitale or living space) Spread Fascism to other countries

20. PREVIEW To what extent did Fascism influence foreign policy in the 1920s? What are the questions I have to answer? What does “To what extent” mean? What will you include in your paragraph 1. 2. 3. “To what extent” Was fascism the only thing that influenced foreign policy or were there other factors?