1. Introduction to IPv6 ECE4110

2. Problems with IPv4 32-bit addresses give about 4,000,000 addresses IPv4 Addresses WILL run out at some point – Some predicted by 2008, obviously did not happen – NAT has helped slow the rate of exhaustion for addresses, but does not solve the problem completely. Rapid increase in routing tables as network grows Variable size header (20 bytes fixed + options) Options have limited use due to limited size

3. IPv6 History RFC 2460, Basic Protocol 1998 RFC 2553, IPv6 Socket API, 2003 RFC 3775, Mobile IPv6, 2004 RFC 3697, Flow Label Specifications, 2004 RFC 4291, Address Architecture, 2006

4. IPv6 Timeline http://www.nanog.org/mtg-0302/ppt/hain.pdf

5. IPv6 Features New, fixed size header format Large Address Space (about 10^38 addresses) Better Support for Hierarchical Addressing – Smaller routing tables? Automatic “link-local” address assignment Includes IPSec (Secure IP) Support Neighbor Discovery Extension Headers Multicast Quality of Service

6. IPv6 Address Network partHost part managed by organization 012864 MAC Subnet address used by the organization (fixed length)

7. IPv6 Address notation Basic rules – “:” in every 2 bytes – Hex digits shorthand – heading 0s in each block can be omitted – “0000” → “0” – “0:all zeros in between :0” can be “::”

8. IPv6 address notation – example 3ffe:0501:0008:0000:0260:97ff:fe40:efab – 3ffe:501:8:0:260:97ff:fe40:efab – 3ffe:501:8::260:97ff:fe40:feab ff02:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001 – ff02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 – ff02::1

9. Types of addresses 1 st 4bits of the adddressUse 0 (0000)Special address 1 (0001)Special address 2 (0010) Aggregatable global unicast address 3 (0011) Aggregatable global unicast address 4 (0100)Unassigned 5 (0101)Unassigned 6 (0110)Unassigned 7 (0111)Unassigned 8 (1000)Unassigned 9 (1001)Unassigned a (1010)Unassigned b (1011)Unassigned c (1100)Unassigned d (1101)Unassigned e (1110) link-local, site-local, multicast f (1111) link-local, site-local,multicast

10. Aggregatable global unicast address 016byte8246101214 0128bit643296 TLANLAInterface identifierSLA TLA – Top Level Aggregator … assigned for 8K major providers(13+3bits) NLA – Next Level Aggregator … assigned for smaller providers SLA – Site Level Aggregator … subnet numbers within organizations (16bits) NLA 1 NLA 2 NLA 3

11. IPv6 Header Format Ver6Prio Flow Label Hop LimitPayload LengthNext Header Source Address Destination Address

12. IPv6 Extension Headers Hop-by-Hop Options – Every router on the path must examine and process Routing Options – Similar to source routing in IPv4 Fragment Header Destination Options Header – Options processed at destination node only Authentication Header – Checksumming Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) – Remainder of packet is encrypted

13. Show IPv6 Sockets Example