1. What do you hope to learn or accomplish as you continue through this pathway?

2. Directional terms/ body planes review…….. 1. Anatomical Position 2. Posterior 3. Anterior 4. Lateral 5. Medial 6. Superior 7. Inferior 8. Proximal 9. Distal 10. Adduction 11. Abduction 12. Deep 13. Superficial 14. Supine /supination 15. Prone / pronation 16. Sagittal plane 17. Frontal/Coronal plane 18. Transverse plane 19. Dorsal 20. Ventral

3. A deeper look at A & P… can you believe it??? What is significant about the skeletal system? What do we know? (types)

4. Bones Birth 350+, Adult 206 Skeleton is divided into 2 major parts ◦ Axial: skull, vertebral column, sternum, & ribs ◦ Appendicular: upper / lower extremeties, & girdles Axial: Skull houses the brain ◦ 2 main features:  Cranium (A)  Face (B)

5. The skull contains 22 bones! (of which, many are pairs) The face contains 14 of those bones There is one bone not attached directly to the other bones of the skull, the mandible (C) Skull and upper torso are supported by the vertebral column (G) Contains 31 bones along the dorsal aspect which connect to the thoracic cage (rib cage) The ventral aspect contains a 3 part cone, the sternum (E1) and 12 ribs (E2) connecting the sternum to the vertebral column

6. Appendicular Skeleton….. Upper extremity is composed of pectoral girdle and arm bones Pectoral girdle (D) contains 2 bones ◦ Collar bone or clavicle (D1) at anterior aspect ◦ Triangular flat bone, the scapula (D2) (posterior) Articulating with pectoral girdle is upper arm bone, humerus (F1) Articulating with the humerus are the radius (F2) and the ulna (F3) Wrist bones are carpals (F4), hand bones are metacarpals (F5), finger bones are phalanges (F6)

8. A little more south……. Lower portion of body - contains pelvic girdle (H) composed of ilium, ischium, pubes/pubis. Articulating with pelvic girdle is the lower extremity. - Consists of thigh bone, femur ( i1 ), knee cap, patella (i2), two lower leg bones- tibia (i3) and fibula (i4) Ankle contains the tarsals (i5), foot bones are metatarsals (i6), and toes are phalanges (i7)

10. Bones of the Skull… Cranial Bones: Frontal: (1) Forehead bone; and most of upper part of eye sockets Parietal: (2) Form bulging topsides of cranium Temporal: (2) Form lower sides of cranium and contains middle & inner ear structures Occipital: (1) Forms back and base of skull; spinal cord enters cranium through hole (foramen magnum) in occipital bone Sphenoid: (1) Forms central part of cranium floor; pituitary gland located in small depression Ethmoid: (1) Complicated bone that helps form cranium floor, side walls and roof of nose and septum; part of orbit

11. Face Bones….. Nasal: (2) Small; form upper bridge of nose Maxilla: (2) Upper jawbones; roof of mouth, floor and side walls of nose, floor of orbit; large cavity is maxillary sinus Zygomatic: (2) Cheek bones; helps form orbit Mandible: (1) Lower jawbone; articulates with temporal bone at condyloid process; small anterior hole for nerves/vessels is mental foramen Lacrimal: (2) Small; helps form medial wall of eye socket and side wall of nasal cavity Palatine: (2) Form back part of roof of mouth; floor, side walls of nose; part of floor of orbit

12. Face Bones continued…..and EARS Inferior concha: (2) Form curved “ledge” along inside of side wall of nose, below middle concha Vomer: (1) Forms lower, back part of nasal septum EAR BONES Malleus: (2) Malleus, incus, & stapes are tiny bones in middle ear cavity in temporal bone; malleus means ‘hammer’-shape of bone Incus: (2) Incus means ‘anvil’-shape of bone Stapes: (2) Stapes means ‘stirrup’-shape of bone

14. What types? (Review) What types? (Review) Classifications are based upon the bone function such as support, protection, or movement as well as by their shape. 1. Flat bones: (J) thin and flat, used as protective devices (skull, pelvis, scapula, ribs) 2. Irregular: (K) Unique to one area such as vertebra. Possess many extensions for muscle attachment 3. Sesamoid: (L) small and usually embedded in tendons, used to protect integrity of tendons (patella) 4. Long: (M) used for movement; (ex. Femur acts as attachment for muscles which cause bones to move) 5. Short: (N) similar dimensions but an irregular shape. Found in wrists/ankles as carpals/tarsals. They unite with many other bones in area and provide a variety of movements at that point

16. Fact or Fiction??? What do you know about the human body? Split up into 4 teams (groups of 6 or 7) - Each team will be read a statement - Decide whether or not the statement is true or false 1 point per correct answer -Most points wins!!!