1. Persian Wars 490BCE- 479 BCE Copyright © Clara Kim 2007. All rights reserved.

2. Who Fought? The Persians Fought against the Greeks –Persia was ruled by Darius and Xerxes –Greeks- Athenians, Spartans, Ionians

3. Persians VS Greeks

4. Persia controlled Ionia but Greeks were already living there. in 499BCE when Persian King Darius raised taxes, the Ionian Greeks got mad and revolted –Athens backed them up Persians crushed the revolts What caused the Persian War?

5. Causes Darius wanted revenge on Athenians for helping so he attacked mainland Greece.

6. Major Battles 1. Battle at Eretria– City north of Athens was burned by the Persians –Angry Athens asks Sparta for help

8. Major Battles 2. Battle of Marathon: Sparta and Athens work together – Persia- 25,000 soldiers –Greeks- 10,000 soldiers –Phalanx battle formation gave the Greeks the victory 6,400 Persians died 192 Greeks died

10. Phalanx Formation

12. Pheidippides Ran to Athens from Marathon = 26 miles Told them of the victory (Nike!) Died after giving the news * This is why marathons are now 26 miles!

13. 10 years later Xerxes, son of Darius vowed revenge. Brought between 100,000-300,000 troops through a narrow mountain pass Part 2: Persian War

15. Battle at Thermopylae 3,300 Greeks led by the Spartans held them off at a narrow pass in Thermopylae. –A traitor told Persians of another way around –Many Greeks retreat but 300 Spartans stood strong. –They all died

17. Battle at Salamis Athens is evacuated and fought at sea. Athenians had a powerful navy Greeks fought with new ships called Trireme. –Triremes punched holes in Persian ships and sink a third of the ships.

19. Trireme

20. While Athens crushed the Persians at Sea, Spartans were on the plain of Plataea and crushes the rest of the Persian army Xerxes retreats Battle of Plataea

21. Battle Summary: Greeks 3 – Persians 3 BattleWinner IoniaPersia EretriaPersia MarathonGreece ThermopylaePersia SalamisGreece PlataeaGreece

22. Greece victory creates a sense of unity Athens had control of what was left of Greece through leadership of the Delian League. Delian League- an agreement that the remaining Greek city states would help each other Effects of the Persian Wars

23. Athens & Democracy... It’s not what you think.

24. Democracy – Demos (“people”) + kratein (“to rule”) Democracy developed through various reforms over 200 years (circa 620s B.C.E.-420 B.C.E.) – Draco – Solon – Clisthenes – Pericles Athens and Athenian Democracy DracoSolonClisthenesPericles

25. Draco Athenian noble 621 B.C.E. – credited with putting down first written laws of Athens – Severe (modern English term draconian meaning “severe” or “harsh”) – Written “in blood, not ink” – Written laws meant that judges could not show favoritism or make up laws

26. Solon 594 B.C.E. – rewrote Draco’s laws Helped the poor – All citizens could participate in the legislature – Ended debt enslavement – Canceled land mortgages – Limited amount of land a person could own

27. Clisthenes 508 B.C.E. Enlarged Athenian Assembly and increased its powers Created Council of 500 to represent the different classes – Created and administered laws after they were approved by Assembly Officials were elected Executive power – Ten generals called strategi (singular strategus) – Elected for one year Citizenship granted to some freedmen (former slaves) and to some immigrants Ostracism – Names written on ostrakon (piece of broken potsherd) once a year – Most votes = ten years of exile

28. Pericles “Golden Age of Pericles” – 461-429 B.C.E. Repeatedly elected as a strategus All citizens could hold public office People were paid for government service “Golden Age of Pericles” also saw developments in art and architecture

29. Athens’ adult population: Circa 300,000 – 150,000 foreigners and slaves (not citizens) – 100,000 women and others – 50,000 male citizens with voting rights Direct democracy – the citizen had to be there to vote (typically 5,000-6,000 voted at a time) Women had few rights and opportunities Slavery played a major role in the economy Orators often used forceful and coercive language, rather than logic, to sway voters Athenian Democracy: Its Flaws

30. Pictures Cited Slide 1 – http://www.post-gazette.com/images4/20070309ho_leonidas_450.jpg Slide 2 – http://i166.photobucket.com/albums/u117/mikey_albert_photos/leonidis.jpg Slide 3 – http://www.the-toy-soldier.com/images/romans4.jpg, http://www.the-toy- soldier.com/images/romans2.jpg, http://www.markchurms.com/Merchant2/graphics/eagle-l.jpghttp://www.the-toy-soldier.com/images/romans4.jpghttp://www.the-toy- soldier.com/images/romans2.jpg Slide 5 – http://tn1-2.pv.deviantart.com/fs11/150/i/2006/183/c/e/wendy__s_revenge_by_bri_chan.jpg Slide 7 – http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Battleofissus333BC-mosaic.jpg Slide 9 – http://joseph_berrigan.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/greekinfantry.jpg,http://joseph_berrigan.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/greekinfantry.jpg Slide 10 – http://www.livius.org/a/1/greece/phalanx.jpg Slide 11 – http://www.300spartanwarriors.com/images/719_Warner_Bros._Frank_Miller_300_- _300SpartanWarriors.jpg Slide 12 – http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39748000/jpg/_39748185_p_diddy_203.jpg Slide 13 – http://i85.photobucket.com/albums/k46/mooshy_01/Xerxes.jpg Slide 14 - http://sha3teely.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/300movie02.jpg Slide 16 – http://students.mnmsa.org/~tkosanke/Thermopylae.jpg Slide 17 – http://www.molossia.org/milacademy/salamis.jpg Slide 18 – http://www.sikyon.com/Athens/images/salamis_battle.jpg Slide 19 – http://students.ou.edu/E/Ryan.C.Emrick-1/greek_trireme.JPG