2. Ice Jam Data Collection Ice Engineering Research Division US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

3. Data Collection Background data collectionBackground data collection –historical or archived records Field data collectionField data collection

4. Background Data Collection Ice records Ice records Historical ice and stage data Historical ice and stage data River geometry River geometry River hydraulics River hydraulics Hydrology Hydrology Meteorology Meteorology Flooded areas Flooded areas Past flood-fighting measures Past flood-fighting measures Potential flow control Potential flow control

5. Sources of Background Information NWS forecasts NWS forecasts Historical ice jam and open water flood data (stages, flood areas) Historical ice jam and open water flood data (stages, flood areas) CRREL ice jam database CRREL ice jam database Technical reports Technical reports Local civil defense unit reports Local civil defense unit reports State emergency agency reports State emergency agency reports Newspaper/TV accounts Newspaper/TV accounts Photographic/videotape Photographic/videotape Anecdotal records Anecdotal records CRREL and Corps reports CRREL and Corps reports Topographic/GIS mapping Topographic/GIS mapping USGS gage data USGS gage data

6. CRREL and Corps Reports

7. USGS Reports and Real-Time Data

8. National Weather Service products

12. Historical stage and discharge records

13. CRREL Ice Jam Database/Archive Database available on webDatabase available on web http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/ http://www.crrel.usace.army.mil/ Archive contains paper copies/photos/videoArchive contains paper copies/photos/video

14. Aerial photographs, topographic mapping

15. Local newspapers

16. Historical records, books

17. Records of past ice jam mitigation measures Civil defense, other agency response records

18. SAFETY Ice jam data collection hazards require extra consideration:Ice jam data collection hazards require extra consideration: – cold air, water –instability of ice cover –normal water hazards amplified

19. SAFETYSAFETY Volunteer observers should not attempt to make measurements or other observations from the surface of the ice - The thickness and stability of ice covers and ice jams can vary widely in a very short distance - The thickness and stability of ice covers and ice jams can vary widely in a very short distance Volunteer observers should not collect data alone. - Always let someone know where you are going and when you expect to return. - Always let someone know where you are going and when you expect to return.

20. Field Data Collection Type of ice jam Freezeup Breakup Predominant ice type Ice piece size Jam formation observed?

21. Location and extent of jam, jam progression Location and extent of jam, jam progression Jam toe Head of jam

22. Upstream ice supply Volume of ice (length, thickness) Volume of ice (length, thickness) high frazil concentrations vs. low frazil concentrations

23. Condition of ice (e.g., competent, weak, jam) Condition of ice (e.g., competent, weak, jam) Upstream ice supply

24. Downstream ice conditions Length Length Thickness Thickness Condition Condition Open water areas Open water areas Likelihood of jamming downstream Likelihood of jamming downstream

25. DischargeDischarge Event discharge Event discharge Present and forecast discharge Present and forecast discharge Potential for flow control Potential for flow control

26. Ice thickness Seasonal USGS measurements available? Seasonal USGS measurements available? Direct measurements Direct measurements Indirect measurement (e.g., ice blocks left Indirect measurement (e.g., ice blocks left on shore, tree scars, ice collars, high water marks) Indirect measurement (e.g., ice blocks left Indirect measurement (e.g., ice blocks left on shore, tree scars, ice collars, high water marks)

27. Solid ice Frazil ice Bed

28. Ice thickness, competence

29. Water / ice stage Present stage Present stage Rate of change in stage Rate of change in stage Potential flooded areas Potential flooded areas Direct measurements Direct measurements Indirect Indirect (e.g., high-water marks, ice collars, tree scars) (e.g., high-water marks, ice collars, tree scars) Indirect Indirect (e.g., high-water marks, ice collars, tree scars) (e.g., high-water marks, ice collars, tree scars)

30. High water marks

31. Ice collars

32. Tree scars, old and new

33. Air temperature Present Present Forecast Forecast Water temperature Present Present Forecast Forecast

34. Last But Not Least Remember to send your ice event information to CRREL for inclusion in the Ice Jam Database and Ice Jam Archives! lourieh@crrel.usace.army.mil