1. Controlling the Internal Environment Marie Černá

2. Three main controls: Regulation of body temperature Water and Mineral balance Nitrogenous wastes

3. Regulation of body temperature

4. Thermoregulation The maintenance of body temperature within a range that enables cells to function efficiently.

5. Four physical processes account for heat gain or loss Radiation Conduction Convection Evaporation

6. Aspect of human evolution

8. Relationship between radiation and evaporation

9. The relationship between body and ambient temperatures Endotherms derive body heat mainly from metabolism Ectotherms derive body heat mainly from their surroundings

10. Torpor conserves energy during environmental extremes is an alternative physiological state in which metabolism (including body temperature) decreases and the heart and respiratory system slow down Hibernation – long-term, winter torpor

11. Brown fat produces heat Thermogenin channel ATP synthesis block

13. Vascular tone

14. Sweating

15. Heat balance

17. The thermal image of a sea-bear on a rock surrounded by water

18. Water and Mineral balance

20. Water balance Diffusion – the spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area Osmosis - the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

21. Osmolarity solute concentration expressed as molarity Osmotic pressure – a measure of the tendency of a solution to take up water when separated from pure water by a selectively permeable membrane

22. Mineral balance

23. Homeostasis: Blood osmolarity (ADH)

24. Homeostasis: Blood pressure

27. Nitrogenous wastes

30. Literature Biology, eighth edition, Campbell, Reece Unit seven: Animal Form and Function Chapter 40: Basic Principles … Concept 40.3 Chapter 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion Concept 44.1 and 44.2 Pages 862 – 868, 954 – 960