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Chapter 12: Introduction to Animals

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1 Chapter 12: Introduction to Animals

2 Aim: What are the characteristics of all animals?

3 Animal Characteristics
Copy 6 characteristics on pg 330

4 Aim: How do animals adapt to survive?

5 Adaptations for Obtaining Energy
All animals need food and eat different kinds of food Herbivores-eat more often and greater amounts b/c plants don’t give as much energy as other foods Carnivores-capture and kill for food Some are scavengers Don’t eat as often or as much as herbivores b/c meat provides more energy

6 Omnivores Have more sources of food Detritivores Feed on tiny bits of decaying matter Exs: millipedes and beetles

7 Physical Adaptations Physical Features (protect animals from predators) Outer coverings-pill bugs Hard shells-turtles Quills-porcupines Mimicry Animal closely resembles another animal in appearance or behavior Predators have difficulty distinguishing between them and won’t attack either animal

8 Ex: venomous coral snake and the non- venomous scarlet king
Can be a disadvantage for scarlet king b/c people mistake them for coral snake and kill them Camouflage Helps animals blend into their environment and hide from their predators Ex: English peppered moth and lichens Ex: trout Ex: cuttlefish-can change color

9 Predator Adaptations Camouflage
Used by predators to sneak up on their prey Ex: tiger’s stripes hides them in tall grasses Killer whales-black on top and white underneath When viewed from top they blend in with the ocean When viewed from the bottom they blend in with sky

10 Behavioral Adaptations
Enable animals to capture prey or avoid predators Skunk spray liquid to keep predators away Octopus- releases cloud of ink to escape predators Gazelle can outrun it’s predators (speed) Wolves travel in packs, which enable them to hunt large prey

11 Aim: How are animals classified?
Webs in notebook

12 Aim: What are the characteristics of sponges?

13 Sponges Are homes for many animals, such as shrimp and snails
Food source for sea stars and fish Some used for bathing and cleaning Appeared on earth 600 million years ago Evolved separately from all other animals b/c they have little in common with other animals

14 Characteristics of Sponges
Colors, shapes and sizes vary Saltwater-blue, red, orange or yellow Freshwater-dull brown or green Are sessile Found in colonies Body is a hollow tube, that is closed at the bottom and open at the top Has many pores No tissues, organs or organ systems

15 Collar cells line the inside of the sponge and moves water into the sponge
Spicules and spongin provide support and help protect against predators Eat microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, algae, and protists Food and oxygen enter through the spores Wastes travel out through opening in at the top

16 Can reproduce sexually
Most are hermaphrodites Sponge’s own sperm can not fertilize its own egg Can reproduce asexually through budding and regeneration

17 Aim: What are the characteristics of cnidarians?

18 Cnidarians Includes corals, sea anemones, hydras, jellyfish and Portuguese man-of-war Most live in saltwater Many types of hydras live in freshwater 2 body forms Polyp: shaped like a vase and sessile Medusa: bell-shaped and free swimming

19 Characteristics of Cnidarian
Have one body opening Radial symmetry Have cells that are arranged into tissues Have a digestive cavity Nerve net-system of nerve cells that enables them to conduct simple movements and responses Have tentacles Tentacles have a stinging cell that help cnidarians capture food

20 Are predators Reproduce asexually and sexually Polyp forms reproduce asexually by budding Polyp forms can reproduce sexually by producing egg and sperm Medusa forms have a sexual and asexual stage of reproduction

21 Aim: Why are corals important?

22 Corals Coral reefs are formed by corals secreting their hard external skeletons on to earlier generations Takes millions of years for large reefs to form Has a great diversity of life Help protect beaches and shorelines from the action of waves

23 Home for organisms that provide us with valuable shells and pearls
Chemicals released by corals may provide humans with drugs to fight cancer Some coral can be used to replace human bone

24 Aim: What are the characteristics of flatworms?
Outlined own notes

25 Aim: What are the characteristics of roundworms?

26 Roundworms Aka nematodes
Found in soil, animals, plants, freshwater, and saltwater Most are free-living Some are parasitic 2 body openings, a mouth and anus Reproduce sexually Body is a tube within a tube

27 Some cause disease in humans
Cause damage to fiber, agricultural products and food Some are beneficial b/c they feed on fleas, termites, ants, beetles and many other insects They provide nutrients to the soil as they breakdown organic material Help in nitrogen cycle


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