1. Chapter 12: Introduction to Animals

2. Aim: What are the characteristics of all animals?

3. Animal Characteristics
Copy 6 characteristics on pg 330

4. Aim: How do animals adapt to survive?

5. Adaptations for Obtaining Energy
All animals need food and eat different kinds of food
Herbivores-eat more often and greater amounts b/c plants don’t give as much energy as other foods
Carnivores-capture and kill for food
Some are scavengers
Don’t eat as often or as much as herbivores b/c meat provides more energy

6. Omnivores
Have more sources of food
Detritivores
Feed on tiny bits of decaying matter
Exs: millipedes and beetles

7. Physical Adaptations
Physical Features (protect animals from predators)
Outer coverings-pill bugs
Hard shells-turtles
Quills-porcupines
Mimicry
Animal closely resembles another animal in appearance or behavior
Predators have difficulty distinguishing between them and won’t attack either animal

8. Ex: venomous coral snake and the non- venomous scarlet king
Can be a disadvantage for scarlet king b/c people mistake them for coral snake and kill them
Camouflage
Helps animals blend into their environment and hide from their predators
Ex: English peppered moth and lichens
Ex: trout
Ex: cuttlefish-can change color

9. Predator Adaptations Camouflage
Used by predators to sneak up on their prey
Ex: tiger’s stripes hides them in tall grasses
Killer whales-black on top and white underneath
When viewed from top they blend in with the ocean
When viewed from the bottom they blend in with sky

10. Behavioral Adaptations
Enable animals to capture prey or avoid predators
Skunk spray liquid to keep predators away
Octopus- releases cloud of ink to escape predators
Gazelle can outrun it’s predators (speed)
Wolves travel in packs, which enable them to hunt large prey

11. Aim: How are animals classified?
Webs in notebook

12. Aim: What are the characteristics of sponges?

13. Sponges Are homes for many animals, such as shrimp and snails
Food source for sea stars and fish
Some used for bathing and cleaning
Appeared on earth 600 million years ago
Evolved separately from all other animals b/c they have little in common with other animals

14. Characteristics of Sponges
Colors, shapes and sizes vary
Saltwater-blue, red, orange or yellow
Freshwater-dull brown or green
Are sessile
Found in colonies
Body is a hollow tube, that is closed at the bottom and open at the top
Has many pores
No tissues, organs or organ systems

15. Collar cells line the inside of the sponge and moves water into the sponge
Spicules and spongin provide support and help protect against predators
Eat microscopic organisms, such as bacteria, algae, and protists
Food and oxygen enter through the spores
Wastes travel out through opening in at the top

16. Can reproduce sexually
Most are hermaphrodites
Sponge’s own sperm can not fertilize its own egg
Can reproduce asexually through budding and regeneration

17. Aim: What are the characteristics of cnidarians?

18. Cnidarians
Includes corals, sea anemones, hydras, jellyfish and Portuguese man-of-war
Most live in saltwater
Many types of hydras live in freshwater
2 body forms
Polyp: shaped like a vase and sessile
Medusa: bell-shaped and free swimming

19. Characteristics of Cnidarian
Have one body opening
Radial symmetry
Have cells that are arranged into tissues
Have a digestive cavity
Nerve net-system of nerve cells that enables them to conduct simple movements and responses
Have tentacles
Tentacles have a stinging cell that help cnidarians capture food

20. Are predators
Reproduce asexually and sexually
Polyp forms reproduce asexually by budding
Polyp forms can reproduce sexually by producing egg and sperm
Medusa forms have a sexual and asexual stage of reproduction

21. Aim: Why are corals important?

22. Corals
Coral reefs are formed by corals secreting their hard external skeletons on to earlier generations
Takes millions of years for large reefs to form
Has a great diversity of life
Help protect beaches and shorelines from the action of waves

23. Home for organisms that provide us with valuable shells and pearls
Chemicals released by corals may provide humans with drugs to fight cancer
Some coral can be used to replace human bone

24. Aim: What are the characteristics of flatworms?
Outlined own notes

25. Aim: What are the characteristics of roundworms?

26. Roundworms Aka nematodes
Found in soil, animals, plants, freshwater, and saltwater
Most are free-living
Some are parasitic
2 body openings, a mouth and anus
Reproduce sexually
Body is a tube within a tube

27. Some cause disease in humans
Cause damage to fiber, agricultural products and food
Some are beneficial b/c they feed on fleas, termites, ants, beetles and many other insects
They provide nutrients to the soil as they breakdown organic material
Help in nitrogen cycle