1. James Joyce’s Ireland

2. Religious Struggles CatholicProtestant 1. Reformation (1517 -- ) 2. Act of Supremacy (1534) - Henry VIII Edward Mary (Bloody) Elizabeth 1 Unique strength of heritage independent thought Suspicious open to foreign influence cause of disunity VERSU S

3. Famines (1740 & 1840) 1 million dead, 1 million emigrated to the U.S. Approx. half the immigrants to the U.S. at that time were Irish 250,000 dead Britain’s lack of a response exacerbated pre-existing political issues.

4. Political Struggles 1800 – Acts of Union Daniel O’Connell & the Catholic Relief Bill Charles Stewart Parnell – Home Rule 1921 – Anglo-Irish Treaty (N. Ireland opt. out)