1. SCALING UP: LEARNING LARGE-SCALE RECOGNITION METHODS FROM SMALL-SCALE RECOGNITION TASKS Nelson Morgan, Barry Y Chen, Qifeng Zhu, Andreas Stolcke International Computer Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA Presenter: Chen Hung-Bin 2004 Special Workshop in Maui (SWIM)

2. Outline Introduction Conventional Features Multi-Layered Perceptrons (MLPs) three different temporal resolutions Experiments Conclusion

3. Introduction In this pape, we describe a three-stage process of scaling to the larger conversational telephone speech (CTS) task. One goal was to improve conversational telephone speech (CTS) recognition by modifying the acoustic front end. –We found that approaches developed for the recognition of natural numbers scaled quite well to two different levels of CTS complexity: recognition of utterances primarily consisting of the 500 most frequent words in Switchboard and large vocabulary recognition of Switchboard conversations

4. Conventional Features Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) Perceptual Linear Prediction (PLP) Hidden Activation TRAPS (HATS) Modulation-filtered spectrogram (MSG) Relative Spectral Perceptual Linear Prediction (RASTA-PLP)

5. Perceptual Linear Prediction Equal loudness preemphasis ( 等響度曲線預強 ) 4kHz 附近 人的耳朵是最靈敏的

6. Perceptual Linear Prediction Intensity-loudness power law

7. Perceptual Linear Prediction HTK 做法 : –Fill filterbank channels –equal-loudness curve –Do IDFT to get autocorrelation values –transfer from lpc to cepstral coef // Mel to Hz conversion for( i=1; i<=pOrder; i++ ) { // cf = fbank centre frequencies f_hz_mid = 700*(exp(cf[i]/1127)-1); fsq = (f_hz_mid * f_hz_mid); fsub = fsq / (fsq + 1.6e5); EQL[i] = fsub * fsub * ((fsq + 1.44e6) /(fsq + 9.61e6)); } // equal-loudness curve for( i=1; i<=pOrder; i++ ) { p[i+1] = bins[i] * EQL[i] if( F_Debug == 2 ) }

8. RASTA-PLP modulation filtering Perceptually Inspired Signal-processing Strategies for Robust Speech Recognition in Reverberant Environments, 1998

9. Multi-Layered Perceptrons (MLPs) A multilayer perceptrons is a feedforward neural network with one or more hidden layers The signals are propagated in a forward direction on a layer-by-layer basis The network consists of –an input layer of source neurons –at least one hidden layer of computational neurons –an output layer of computational neurons

10. TempoRAl Patterns (TRAPs) spectral-energy based vector at time t with variables –Based on posterior probabilities of speech categories for long and short time functions of the time-frequency plane –These feature may be represented as multiple streams of probabilistic information Working with narrow spectral subbands and long temporal windows –Naive One Stage Approach –Two Stage Linear Approaches –Two Stage Non-Linear Approaches Hidden Activation TRAPS (HATS)

11. Naive One Stage Approach baseline approach –51 frames of all 15 bands of log critical band energies (LCBEs) as inputs to an MLP. –These inputs are built by stacking 25 frames before and after the current frame to the current frame, and the target phoneme comes from the current frame.

12. Two Stage Linear Approaches 15 Bands x 51 Frames –first, calculate principal component analysis (PCA) transforms –second, combine what was learned at each critical band posteriors

13. Two Stage Non-Linear Approaches

14. Augmenting PLP Front End Features We used three different temporal resolutions. –The original PLP features were derived from short term spectral analysis –the PLP/MLP features used 9 frames of PLP features –and the TRAPS features used 51 frames of log critical band energies dimension reduce dimension to 17 39 dimension 56 dimension 42 dimension

15. Inverse entropy weighted combination (INVENT) The combined output posterior probability –the MLP feature with lower entropy is more important than an MLP feature with high entropy K k K k i=1 K k i=2 K k i=3

16. softmax Therefore we cannot use the entropy based weighting directly. –We convert the spectrum into a probability mass function (PMF) using the equation

17. Average of the posteriors combination (AVG) For the average combination –

18. Experiments goal The PLP/MLP and the TRAPS features, developed for a very small task, were then applied to successively larger problems Our methods work on the small vocabulary continuous numbers task even when we did not train explicitly on continuous numbers There were several advantages to use –First, since the recognition vocabulary consisted of common words, it was likely that error rate reduction would apply to the larger task as well –Second, there were many examples of these 500 words in the training data, so less training data was required than would be needed for the full task

19. THE 500WORD CTS TASK The 500 word test set was a subset of the 2001 Hub-5 evaluation data. –Given the 500 most common words in Switchboard I, we chose utterances from the 2001 evaluation data in which 90% or more of the words in all utterance training set –consisted of 217 female and 205 male speakers –contained one third of the total number of utterances –The female speech consisted of 0.92 hours from English CallHome, 10.63 hours from Switchboard I with transcriptions, 0.69 hours from the Switchboard Cellular Database. –The male speech consisted of 0.19 hours from English CallHome, 10.08 hours from Switchboard I, 0.59 hours from Switchboard Cellular, 0.06 hours from the Switchboard Credit Card Corpus.

20. THE 500WORD CTS TASK We used the tuning set to tune system parameters like word transition weight and language model scaling And we determined word error rates on the test set tuning set –0.97 hours –8242 total word tokens test set –1.42 hours –11845 total word tokens language model –Triphone gender-independent HMMs using the SRI speech recognition system and using a simple bigram language model

21. Results on Top 500Words Task baseline PLP features –we trained gender dependent triphone HMMs on the 23 hour RUSH training set –and then tested this system on the 500 word test set achieving a 43.8% word error rate Word error rate (WER) and relative eduction of WER on the top 500 word test set of systems

22. OGI NUMBERS TASK The training set for this stage was an 18.7-hour subset of the old “short” SRI Hub training set –48% of the training data was male and 52% female –4.4 hours of this training set comes from English CallHome –2.7 hours from Hand Transcribed Switchboard –2.0 hours from Switchboard Credit Card Corpus –9.6 hours from Macrophone (read speech) tuning set ? testing set –1.3 hours of speech –2519 utterances and 9699 word tokens language model –Triphone gender-independent HMMs using the SRI speech recognition system and using a simple bigram language model

23. Results on Numbers Task The testing dictionary contained thirty words for numbers and two words for hesitation Word error rate (WER) and relative reduction of WER on Numbers using different combination approaches.

24. FULL CTS VOCABULARY in the 500 word task like 500WORD CTS TASK This set contained a total of 68.95 hours of CTS –female speaker 2.75 hours of English CallHome 31.30 hours fromMississippi State transcribed Switchboard I 2.03 hours of Switchboard Cellular form the data –male speaker 0.56 hours of English CallHome 30.28 hours from Switchboard I 1.83 hours from Switchboard Cellular 0.20 hours of Switchboard Credit Card Corpus

25. FULL CTS VOCABULARY tuning set ? testing set –6.33 hours of speech –62890 total word tokens language model –Triphone gender-independent HMMs using the SRI speech recognition system and using a simple bigram language model

26. Results on Full CTS Task 2001 Hub-5 evaluation set Word error rate (WER) and relative reduction of WER on Numbers using different combination approaches.

27. CONCLUSION Word error rate was significantly reduced for the larger tasks as well The combination methods, which gave equivalent performance for the smaller task, were also comparable on the larger tasks.