1. CHAPTER 3: PRODUCTS OF EVOLUTION: UNITY & DIVERSITY

2. KINGDOM ANIMALIA Characteristics- Eukaryotic
Multicellular (with no cell wall like plants)
Cell specialization- forming tissue
Leads to higher level functions
Heterotrophic through ingestion
Sexual reproduction and development
Movement and coordination

3. KINGDOM ANIMALIA Two main categories Criteria used to classify
Invertebrates (without a backbone)
Vertebrates- Chordates (with a backbone)
Criteria used to classify
Symmetry
Germ or tissue layers
Body cavities

5. INVEREBRATES 8 major phyla Classification based on
embryonic development,
symmetry,
germ layers, and
body cavity
97% of all animals are invertebrates
All lack a backbone

6. PHYLUM PORIFERA (pore bearer)
SPONGES- simplest animals
Asymmetrical
Little tissue specialization
No germ layers
No true coelom (body cavity)
Sexual and asexual reproduction
Most are sessile (not mobile) in adulthood

8. PHYLUM CNIDARIA Radial symmetry Two germ (cell) layers
Epidermis
gastrodermis
Simple organ systems
Three Classes of Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa- hydra, man-of-war
Class Scyphozoa- jellyfish
Class Anthozoa- sea anemones, coral

13. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Characteristics 2nd most diverse phylum of animal
Have a true coelom
Fluid filled cavity that is completely surrounded by mesoderm
Separates the gut from epidermis
Allows a space where the circulatory, muscular, and eventually skeletal systems develop
Body plan
Bilaterally symmetrical
Head-foot region- contains the mouth and a foot for moving
Visceral mass region- contains internal organs
Mantle- epidermis that secretes shell

14. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA THREE MAIN CLASSES
Class Gastropoda- snails, slugs, etc.
One or no shell
Foot is near the gut
Class Bivalvia- clams, oysters, scallops
Two shells
No distinct head, but big foot
Class Cephalopoda- squid, octopuses
Feet (tentacles) near the head
No shell (except for the nautilus)
Chromatophres- pigments for color change
Squids- 10 tentacles
Octopuses & other cephalopds- 8 tentacles

18. PHYLUM ANNELIDA Characteristics Three Main Classes Segmented Worms
Bilaterally Symmetrical
True coelom
Simple organ systems
Digetive- esophagus, crop, gizzard
Circulatory- aortic arches
Nervous- ventral nerve cord
Setae- external bristles
Parapodia- some have fleshy protrusions that are ‘like-feet’
Three Main Classes
Class Oligochaeta- common earthworms
Class Polychaeta- bristle worms
Class Hirudinea- leeches

22. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Most diverse phylum of animals Characteristics
Bilaterally symmetrical
True coelom
Segmented bodies
Jointed appendages (extensions)- ‘arthropods’
Exoskeletons
High degree of cephalization- head development- antennae & mouth parts
Compound eyes- made up of many small eyes
Molting- shedding exoskeleton & growing new one

23. 3 SUBPHYLA OF ARTHROPODA
Subphylum Crustacea- Crustacians
Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, crayfish, pill bugs
Characteristics
Mostly aquatic
Two major body sections-
Cephalothorax & abdomen
Two pairs of appendages on the head
Five pairs of walking legs
One pair of appendages on each other body segment
Subphylum Chelicerata
Class Arachnida- spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs
Characteristcs
Terrestrial
Four pair of walking legs- all on thorax

28. SUBPHYLUM UNIRAMIA Class Diplopoda- millipedes
Two pairs of legs on each body segment
Class Chilopoda- centipedes
One pair of legs on each body segment
Class Insecta- ¾ of all animal species
Entomology- study of insects
15 major orders of insects
Lice, termites, dragonflies, grasshoppers, beetles, flies, bees, ants, butterflies, fleas
Characteristics-
Mostly terrestrial
Three body segments- head, thorax, & abdomen
Three pairs of walking legs on the thorax
One or two pairs of legs
Exoskeleton
Dorsal aorta
Spiracles and tracheae for respiration
Digestive system with crop and stomach
Ventral nerve cord

36. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA Characteristics Examples
Radially symmetrical (mostly penta-radially
Bilaterally symmetrical larvae
Endoskeleton
Water vascular system
Tube feet
Examples
Starfish
Sea lillies
Brittle stars
Sea urchins
Sea cucumbers

42. PHYLUM CHORDATA SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
Characteristics
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Vertebral column to protect nerve cord
Cranium to protect the brain
Bilaterally symmetrical
True coelom
Endoskeleton
Highly developed nervous system & brain
Highly developed senses

43. 7 Major classes of vertebrates
Class Agnatha- lampreys & hagfish
No jaws
Class Chondrichthyes- sharks & stingrays
Cartilaginous skeletons
Placoid scales
Olfactory bulbs- good sense of smell
Class Osteichthyes- All bony fish
Bone skeleton
Swim bladder
Scales
Four chambered heart- linear
Class Amphibia- frogs, toads, salamanders
Aquatic larval stage
Moist, thin skin with no scales
Three chambered heart

44. 7 Major classes of vertebrates
Class Reptilia- snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles
Lay eggs
Dry, scaly skin
Three chambered heart
Class Aves- birds
Feathers
Wings
Beak
Four chambered heart
Class Mammalia- us, dogs, cats, bears, sheep, horses, rhinoceri, elephants, cows, rats, etc.
Endothermy- internal body heat
Hair
Milk- mammary glands
Placental birth
Kangaroos have pouches- marsupials
Duckbill platapus lays eggs- monotreme