1. Biomolecules Pre-AP
How are the structure and functions of the biomolecules similar and different?
By Mr. Simonds

2. Biomolecules
Biomolecules (AKA: Macromolecules) are carbon based molecules made by living things.
4 Types
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
Nucleic Acids

3. Polymer vs. Monomer
Polymer- a molecule composed of many smaller units.
Monomer – the smaller unit contained in a polymer.
Monomer
Polymer

4. Lipids: Fats, Oils, & Waxes

5. Why do humans like fatty foods?
Fats store energy
Why do humans like fatty foods?
Long CH chain
Function:
energy storage
Twice as much as
Carbohyhdrates
cushion organs
insulates body
think whale blubber!
What happens when you add oil to water
Why is there a lot of energy stored in fats?
• big molecule
• lots of bonds of stored energy
So why are we attracted to eating fat?
Think about our ancestors on the Serengeti Plain & during the Ice Age. Was eating fat an advantage?

6. Saturated fats All C bonded to H No C=C double bonds
long, straight chain
most animal fats
solid at room temp.
contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plaque deposits
Mostly animal fats

7. Unsaturated fats C=C double bonds in the fatty acids plant & fish fats
vegetable oils
liquid at room temperature
the kinks made by double bonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together
Mostly plant lipids
Think about “natural” peanut butter:
Lots of unsaturated fats Oil separates out
Companies want to make their product easier to use:
Stop the oil from separating Keep oil solid at room temp.
Hydrogenate it = chemically alter to saturate it
Affect nutrition?
mono-unsaturated?
poly-unsaturated?

8. Saturated vs. unsaturated

9. Carbohydrates

10. Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
(CH2O)x C6H12O6
ex: sugars, starches, cellulose -ose: means that something is a sugar.
Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Lactose
Function:
Energy Source u Energy Storage
(CH2O)x
C6H12O6
carb = carbon
hydr = hydrogen
ate = oxygen compound

11. Carbohydrates Monomer: sugars Polymer: starch or Cellulose Starch

12. Types of Carbohydrates
Simple Carbohydrates
Single or Double sugar molecules
Used quickly by the body
Complex Carbohydrates
Long strands of sugars, such as starch and “fiber”
Used slower than simple carbs but faster than other energy sources.

13. Proteins

14. Proteins Most structurally & functionally diverse group
Function: involved in almost everything
enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase)
structure (keratin, collagen)
carriers & transport (hemoglobin, aquaporin)
cell communication
signals (insulin & other hormones)
receptors
defense (antibodies)
movement (actin & myosin) [Muscle]
storage (bean seed proteins)
Storage: beans (seed proteins)
Movement: muscle fibers
Cell surface proteins: labels that ID cell as self vs. foreign
Antibodies: recognize the labels
ENZYMES!!!!

15. Protein Structure and Function
Monomer- Animo Acids
Polymer – Protein
Made of: C,H,O,N
A protein’s specific shape determines how it functions.

16. Too much activation energy for life
amount of energy needed to destabilize the bonds of a molecule
moves the reaction over an “energy hill”
glucose
Not a match! That’s too much energy to expose living cells to!
2nd Law of thermodynamics
Universe tends to disorder
so why don’t proteins, carbohydrates & other biomolecules breakdown?
at temperatures typical of the cell, molecules don’t make it over the hump of activation energy
but, a cell must be metabolically active
heat would speed reactions, but… would denature proteins & kill cells

17. Reducing Activation energy
Catalysts
reducing the amount of energy to start a reaction
Pheeew… that takes a lot less energy!
uncatalyzed reaction
catalyzed reaction
NEW activation energy
reactant
product

18. Catalysts So what’s a cell got to do to reduce activation energy?
get help! … chemical help…
ENZYMES
Call in the ENZYMES! G

19. Proteins
Enzymes, another type of protein, controls the rate of reactions.
-ase means that something is an enzyme
Example: Protease, Lactase, Amylase
Example: Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose, a sugar.

20. Nucleic acids

21. Nucleic Acids Function: genetic material stores information
genes
blueprint for building proteins
DNA  RNA  proteins
transfers information
blueprint for new cells
blueprint for next generation
DNA
proteins

22. Nucleic Acids Structure: Made of: C,H,O,N,P RNA (ribonucleic acid)
single helix
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
double helix
monomers = nucleotides
Polymer =
DNA
RNA

23. Review Questions Name the four Biomolecules:
Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein, and Nucleic Acid
What are Carbohydrates used for?
To store energy for later use
What are Nucleic Acids for?
To store genetic information

24. Review Questions What do lipids do for you?
The store energy and help keep you warm.
Give an example of a food where you would find protein.
Any meat

25. Review Questions
Give an example of a food where you would find a lot of carbohydrates.
Potato, bread, pasta, etc
Give an example of food with a lot of lipids.
Pizza, butter, any fatty food.

26. Lock and Key model Simplistic model of enzyme action
substrate fits into 3-D structure of enzyme’ active site
H bonds between substrate & enzyme
like “key fits into lock”
In biology… Size doesn’t matter… Shape matters!

27. Induced fit model More accurate model of enzyme action
3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate
substrate binding cause enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit
“conformational change”
bring chemical groups in position to catalyze reaction