1. Introduction to Linguistics n How do linguists use phonetics to analyse language?

2. Introduction to Linguistics n How do linguists use phonetics to analyse language? –English plural rule - 3 hypotheses

3. Introduction to Linguistics n How do linguists use phonetics to analyse language? –English plural rule - 3 hypotheses n English speakers simply memorize all the plural forms in their language; it is not rule governed

4. Introduction to Linguistics n How do linguists use phonetics to analyse language? –English plural rule - 3 hypotheses n English speakers simply memorize all the plural forms in their language; it is not rule governed n If we make a list, we can see that there is some kind of pattern to English plurals

5. Introduction to Linguistics n How do linguists use phonetics to analyse language? –English plural rule - 3 hypotheses n Then the rules seems to be: 1) /s/ if word ends in /p,t,k,f or / 1) /s/ if word ends in /p,t,k,f or Ø / n 2) /z/ if words ends in /b,m,d,n,g,”ng”,ð,l,r,w,y/ or any vowel n 3) “es” if word ends in /s,z,”sh”, “dz”, “ch” or j/

6. Introduction to Linguistics n How do linguists use phonetics to analyse language? –English plural rule - 3 hypotheses n Then the rules seems to be: 1) /s/ if word ends in /p,t,k,f or / 1) /s/ if word ends in /p,t,k,f or Ø / n 2) /z/ if words ends in /b,m,d,n,g,”ng”,ð,l,r,w,y/ or any vowel n 3) “es” if word ends in /s,z,”sh”, “dz”, “ch” or j/ –What about foreign words??

7. Introduction to Linguistics n How do linguists use phonetics to analyse language? –English plural rule - 3 hypotheses n Use of phonetic features –Plural is “es” if it attaches to an alveolar fricative, an alveopalatal fricative or an alveopalatal affricate, otherwise: –The plural is /z/ (voiced) if last sound is voiced –The plural is /s/ (voiceless) if last sound is voiceless

8. Introduction to Linguistics n How do linguists use phonetics to analyse language? n To investigate variations of a phoneme, ex. /t/

9. Introduction to Linguistics n How do linguists use phonetics to analyse language? n To investigate variations of a phoneme, ex. /t/ – –realeased, aspirated [t h ] as in tin – –unreleased, preglottalizex [?t] as in kit – –Glottal stop [?], as in kitten or button – –flap [D], as in pitted – –alveopalatal stop, as in truck – –realeased, unaspirated, [t] as in stint

10. Introduction to Linguistics n How do linguists use phonetics to analyse language? – –Phonetic variations on a phonemic theme – –Phonetic and Phonemic Representation – –The Phoneme /t/ has variations, which do not change the meaning of words n n [k h it] vs. [k h i?t] – –Phonetic difference n n Vine vs. Fine