1.  Why is English orthography (writing system) not accurate in representing sounds?  Did he believe that Caesar could see the people seize the seas?  IPA is a representation of sounds not letters.

2.  What is a phoneme?  The smallest unit of sound that carries meaning.  Phonemes can be divided into 2 types: 1. Consonants 2. Vowels  How are consonants produced?  Consonants are produced by obstructing the flow of air as it passes from the lungs through the vocal tract.

3.  In your own words, explain the concepts of place and manner of articulation.

4.  Place of articulation

5. Place of ArticulationConsonant Bilabial[p] [b] [m] Labiodental[f] [v] Interdental[θ] [ð] Alveolar[t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r] Palatal[ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ] Velar[k] [g] [ŋ] Glottal[h]

6.  What is the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds? ◦ When the vocal cords are apart when speaking, air flows freely through the glottis. Sounds produced in this way are voiceless. ◦ If the vocal cords are together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate

7.  How are nasal sounds produced?  When the uvular blocks the airway through the nose, the sound is oral. When the uvular is not raised, air escapes through the nose and the mouth. This is called a nasal sound.  What nasal sounds are there?

8.  What is the difference between stops and fricatives? Give examples  In your own words, describe how the [t] sound is produced.  What are the other 4 types of sounds and how are they produced?

9.  What are the 4 qualities of vowels?  The placement of the body of the tongue: ◦ Vertical: high – mid – low ◦ Horizontal: front – central – back  The shape of the lips: ◦ Rounded – Unrounded  The degree of the vocal tract contraction: ◦ Tense – Lax

10. a

11.  What are diphthongs? What are the 3 different diphthongs?  Diphthongs are a combination of 2 vowel sounds.  kiteboutboy  [aj][aw][ɔj]

12.  Quick exercise: Answer following questions in IPA 1. /wær du dɒktərs wərk?/ 2. /wʌt kʌlər ɪz ðə skai?/ 3. /wʌt ɪz θri taɪmz θri?/ 1. /hɔspɪtəl/ or /haspətəl/ 2. /blu/ 3. /najn/

13. The mental representation of sounds

14.  Phonology is concerned with the sound structure/patterns of languages.  What syntax is for grammar, phonology is for phonetics.  Knowledge of phonology determines how we pronounce morphemes depending on their context. Just as morphology has rules, phonology has its own rules.

15.  Most English nouns have a plural form: cat/cats, dog/dogs, fox/foxes  You might think an “-s” makes nouns plural, but when you listen carefully, you’ll here a different pronunciation of that “-s”.

16. ABCD cabcapbuschild cadcatbushox bag backbuzz mouse love cuffgaragecriterion  The final sound of the plurals in A is a [z] a voiced alveolar fricative.  For column B, the plural ending is an [s] – a voiceless alveolar fricative.  Column C is [əz]  Column D are irregular endings.

17.  Do you think the variance of plural pronunciation is random?  There’s a phonological rule behind it. To understand it, we must analyze the surrounding sounds. To understand the surrounding sounds, we need to look at minimal pairs.

18.  Minimal pairs are words that only differ in one sound segment. For example  ship/sheep  cat/mat  Minimal pairs from the previous examples are cap/cabbag/backbag/badge  These minimal pairs differ in the final sound segment, so the final sound must determine the pronunciation of the plural ending.

19. AllomorphEnvironment [z]After [b], [d], [g], [v], [ð], [m], [n], [ŋ], [l], [r], [a], [ɔj] [s]After [p], [t], [k], [f], [θ] [əz]After [s], [ʃ], [z], [ʒt], [ʃ], [dʒ] AllomorphEnvironment [z]After voiced nonsibilant segments [s]After voiceless nonsibilant segments [əz]After sibilant segments