1. PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS The sound systems of English with 40 phonemes
Phoneme: the individual sound that makes a difference between two words;
/ð/ voiced – this, that, these, those
/θ/ voiceless – think, thing, thank
Talk, test, time, true
5 traditional vowels and 11 to 20
vowel sounds
21 consonants and 24 official sounds
IPA: International phonetic alphabet:
The system of phonetic notation
Phone: the smallest identifiable unit found in a
stream of speech;
[b], [j], [o]

2. VOWEL SOUNDS [ɑ] - the A in father
[æ] - the A in cat  [ə] - the A in about
[ɛ] - the E in bet
[e] - the A in pay
[ɜ]* - the UR in purple or the IR in bird, usually followed by an [ɹ]
[i] - the I in machine
[ɪ] - the I in big
[o] - the O in toe
[ɔ] - the O in cost
[u] - the OO in cool
[ʊ] - the OO in good
[ʌ] - the U in bug
*R-colored (rhotic) vowels:  [ɝ] - the OR in work
[ɚ] - the ER in butter Diphthongs

3. Vocal Anatomy

4. TIPS FOR TEACHING THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE
Show the students how to make the sound
Provide lots of practice using:
Minimal pairs
Rhymes
Poems A flea and fly flew up a flue
Chants Said the flea, “Let us fly.” Limericks Said the fly, “Let us flee.”
Tongue twisters So they flew through a flaw in the flue
Same sound dialogues