1. OHT 7.1 Wall and Rees: International Business, 2nd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2004 International ethical and ecological environment

2. OHT 7.2 Wall and Rees: International Business, 2nd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2004 Social Contract Theory (1) Thomas Hobbes suggested that human beings tacitly agree to laws and regulations on their behaviour so that they can both live in harmony and achieve their own ends

3. OHT 7.3 Wall and Rees: International Business, 2nd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2004 Social Contract Theory (2) Donaldson and Dunfee (1999) take this approach further in their ‘Integrated Social Contract Theory’. Basic moral minima (‘hypernorms’) include: –Not causing gratuitous harm –Honouring contracts –Respecting human rights –Treating people and organisations fairly

4. OHT 7.4 Wall and Rees: International Business, 2nd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2004 Integrated Social Contract Theory Hypernorms – moral minima Consistent norms – whilst consistent with hypernorms and legitimate norms, reflect culturally specific values Moral-free space – consistent with hypernorms but clash with one or more legitimate norms Illegitimate norms – inconsistent with hypernorms

5. OHT 7.5 Wall and Rees: International Business, 2nd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2004 Global norms in the Integrated Social Contract Theory (ISCT)

6. OHT 7.6 Wall and Rees: International Business, 2nd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2004 International Business and Ethics Enderle (1995) identified four approaches Foreign country type – conforms to host country norm Empire type – applies domestic norms to host country Interconnection type – hybrid approach where norms applied are based on pragmatism (what works for the MNE) Global type – reflects norms deemed appropriate for ‘global citizenry’; not related to MNE interests

7. OHT 7.7 Wall and Rees: International Business, 2nd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2004 International Ethical Agreements OECD Guidelines for MNEs (1976) International Labour Office (ILO) Tripartite Declaration of Principles concerning MNEs and Social Policy (1977) UNCTAD Code on Restrictive Business Practices (1980) UN Code of Conduct for Transnational Corporations (1983) Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI): still unresolved

8. OHT 7.8 Wall and Rees: International Business, 2nd edition © Pearson Education Limited 2004 Impact of environmental damage (MSC > MCP) on price and output