1. Chest PA Chest Lat

2. Chest PA

3. Trachea Patient’s PA CXR Normal PA CXR (-) blunting of the costophrenic angle (-) pulmonary congestion (-) pulmonary infiltrates (-) bone deformities (-) flattening of the R&L hemidiaphragm (-) tracheal deviation

4. Patient’s PA CXR Normal PA CXR (+) heart enlargement Slight straightening of the L cardiac border

5. Normal location of the apex: 5 th ICS, MCL Normal PA CXR

6. The patient’s apex is located on the 7 th ICS MCL – DOWNWARD DISPLACEMENT OF THE APEX Patient’s PA CXR

7. Normal PA CXR Cardio-thoracic Ratio

8. Which chamber/s is/are enlarged? Squire’s Fundamentals of Radiology, 6 th ed. 1 – R brachiocephalic vessels 2 – Ascending aorta and superimposed SVC 3 – R atrium 5 – L brachiocephalic vessels 6 – Aortic arch 7 – Pulmonary trunk 8 – L atrial appendage 9 – L ventricle NormalLVE LAE LAE & LVE (in long-standing MS)

9. Patient’s PA CXR Normal PA CXR Prominent L atrial appendage Left Atrial Enlargement

10. Patient’s PA CXR Normal PA CXR Carina not appreciated (cannot be measured for widening)

11. Patient’s PA CXR Normal PA CXR No double density along the R cardiac border

12. Normal PA CXR Downward dipping of the left heart Patient’s PA CXR Possible L Ventricular Enlargement

13. Normal PA CXR LV outflow tract Patient’s PA CXR Possible L Ventricular Enlargement

14. Possible R Ventricular Enlargement Normal PA CXR Rounding of the cardiac apex Patient’s PA CXR

15. Lateral Chest Xray

16. Normal Lateral CXRPatient’s Lateral CXR Trachea Esophagus Trachea Esophagus Heart

17. Left atrial enlargement Esophagus Retrocardiac free space Esophagus Retrocardiac free space

18. LV outflow tract Left cardiac border LV outflow tract Left venticular enlargement

19. Convex posterior heart border Posterior margin of the IVC Obliterated posterior margin of the IVC Left venticular enlargement

20. Hoffman Rigler sign

21. Right ventricular enlargement Retrosternal space 2/3 1/3 Retrosternal space