1. 1 Exception handling in Java Reading for this lecture: Weiss, Section 2.5 (exception handling), p. 47. ProgramLive, chapter 10. I need to know whether the YOU would like a lecture that reviews classes, subclasses, inheritance, overriding, constructors, apparent and real types, using some example. Please write your opinion on a blank piece of paper and pass it forward, now. A computer lets you make more mistakes faster than any other invention in history -- with the possible exception of handguns and tequila. Mitch Ratcliffe The essence of immorality is the tendency to make an exception of myself. Jane Addams.

2. 2 Exception handling in Java An exception: something bad or unexpected that happens in a program, e.g. divide by zero subscript out of bounds i/o error null pointer exception no more memory etc. Big problem: where the exception occurs is not always the best place to handle it (see next slide)! Java has special mechanisms for dealing with exceptions: define your own exception throw an exception catch and handle an exception

3. 3 Class Integer has this method: // = the value in s (which should contain a se- // quence of digits, possibly preceded by -). // beginning and trailing whitespace allowed public static int parseInt(String s) int v= Integer.parseInt(“234X4”); Method parseInt doesn’t know how to handle the error; so it should let the caller handle it. But how can it do this without complicating the handling of non-exceptional cases? That’s the question. The answer is: Use Java’s exception-handling mechanism. A case where detection of an error is not the place to handle it

4. 4 // Return the int in integer field f, or 0 if either // f is invalid or the field doesn’t contain an int public static int getIntField(int f) { try { // Store in s the String that is in int field f String s= intFields[f].getText()); return Integer.parseInt(s); } catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException ex) { return 0; } catch (NumberFormatException ex2) { String t= intFields[f].getText(); intFields[f].setText( t + “not an integer; use 0”); } Example from GUI JLiveWindow normally, just this is executed execute this if f is out of bounds execute this field f did not contain an int

5. 5 Throwing exceptions Divide by zero? Java “throws” an exception: throw new ArithmeticException(“Divide by zero”); IO error? Java “throws” an exception: throw new java.io.IOException(“…”); Integer.parseInt detects that its arg doesn’t contain an int? It “throws” an exception: throw new NumberFormatException(“…”); You, too, can throw exceptions in your program --and you can define your own classes whose instances are exceptions. What is an exception? Who can throw it? What happens when it is thrown? Who catches it?

6. 6 Class Throwable Defined in package java.lang. Has a few more methods besides those show here. An instance of class C can be thrown iff C is a subclass of class Throwable: // Superclass of all errors and exceptions. An instance // contains call stack when it was created and a message. public class Throwable { // Constructor: an instance with message m and // current call stack public Throwable(String m) // Constructor: an instance with no message and // current call stack public Throwable() // = the message of this object (null if none) public String getMessage() // = short description of this instance public String toString() // = same result as getMessage(), if not overridden public String getLocalizedMessage() }

7. 7 The Throwable Hierarchy Throwable Error (not checked --explain later) Internal Error NoClassDefFoundError OutOfMemoryError AWTError StackOverflowError Exception Runtime Exception (not checked --explain later) NullPointerException IllegalArgumentException NumberFormatException ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException... IOException FileNotFoundException Over 25 Errors and 120 Exceptions come with Java. You can define your own subclasses of Throwable. The non-boldfaced ones are not checked (explain latter) The boldfaced ones are checked (explain later)

8. 8 Class Error Errors that should not be caught!!! Let the system handle them public class Error extends Throwable { // Constructor: an instance with message m and // current call stack public Error(String m) // Constructor: an instance with no message and // current call stack public Error() } public class NoClassDefFoundError extends Error { // Constructor: an instance with message m and // current call stack public NoClassDefFoundError (String m) // Constructor: an instance with no message and // current call stack public NoClassDefFoundError () }

9. 9 Class Exception Errors that you can catch --if you want public class Exception extends Throwable{ // Constructor: an instance with message m and // current call stack public Exception(String m) // Constructor: an instance with no message and // current call stack public Exception() } public class NumberFormatError extends Exception { // Constructor: an instance with message m and // current call stack public NumberFormatError (String m) // Constructor: an instance with no message and // current call stack public NumberFormatError () }

10. 10 Try statement try catch ( … catch ( finally [we don’t discuss this] Need at least one catch clause or the finally clause. To execute, execute the try ; if no exception is thrown, that’s it. If a throw statement is executed: throw new …; the exception is thrown. That’s the end of the try block! Who catches the thrown exception is described on next slide.

11. 11 Propagation of a thrown exception public class C { public static void main(String [] pars { try { … first(); } catch ( XXException ae) { … } } public static void first() { second(); } public static void second() { … throw new XXException(); … } a0 Throwable XXException A statement not in a try-block throws an object. Throw it to calling method. Effect: the call throws the object A statement in a try-block throws an object and a catch clause catches it. That’s it. A statement in a try-block throws an object and no catch clause catches it. It is thrown to try statement itself. Effect: the try-statement throws it. second first main system call stack

12. 12 Example // Read a line from the keyboard and return the integer // on it. If the line does not contain an integer, keeping // asking the user for one until they types one public static int readLineInt() { String s; Read the next line into s; s.trim(); // invariant: input contains the last line read; previous // lines did not contain a recognizable integer while (true) { try { return Integer.parseInt(s); } catch (NumberFormatException ex) { System.out.println(“That wasn’t an integer.” + “Type an integer.”); Read the next line into s; s.trim(); } may throw a NumberFormat Exception

13. 13 The throws clause public static void main(String[] pars) { first(); } public static void first() { throw new Exception(); } Illegal program; won’t compile: Error: Exception java.lang.Exception must be caught or it must be declared in the throws clause of this method (method first). To fix the problem, change method first to: public static void first() throws Exception{ throw new Exception(); } But then method main is illegal and must be changed to public static void main(String[] pars) throws Exception{ first(); } Rule: All checked exceptions (see slide 6) must be caught or mentioned in a throws-clause. Unchecked exceptions need not be mentioned.

14. 14 You are responsible for knowing: About classes Throwable, Error, and Exception. How to write your own subclass of Exception. How to use a try-statement. How an exception propagates up the call chain until it is caught by a catch-clause How to throw an exception using the throw- statement. How to insert a throws-clause. In any culture, subculture, or family in which belief is valued above thought, self-surrender is valued above self-expression, and conformity is valued above integrity, those who preserve their self-esteem are likely to be heroic exceptions. Nathaniel Branden