2.  In single-celled, one cell performs ALL functions.  In multi-cellular, different cells perform different functions. › They are specialized to do specific jobs.

3.  Almost all multi-cellular organisms belong to the plant, fungi, and animal kingdoms.

4.  Begins with the cell.  Cells that perform the same job join together to form tissue.  The tissues join together to make an organ, and organs that work together form an organ system.

5.  Different organ systems have specific purposes in an organism. › Nervous: respond to environment › Muscular: movement and heat › Respiratory: inhale O2 and exhale CO2 › Circulatory : delivers O2 in blood and remove CO2 in blood › Digestive: breaks down food

7.  An adaptation is any inherited characteristic that increases the change of an organism’s survival and reproduction. › Getting energy › Shape/structure of body › Behavior

8.  When an organism reproduces an offspring with a unique trait, it is considered an adaptation if it is helpful/advantageous.

9.  Fennec fox : desert fox; large ears keep it cool and fur color helps it blend.  Arctic fox : cold north; small ears, legs, and nose reduce heat loss; winter coat is thicker and white.  Red fox: grasslands/woodlands; body fur helps it blend with its surroundings.

10.  Adaptations result in diversity through sexual reproduction. › The DNA in the offspring is not the same as the DNA in the parent.

11.  Meiosis produces gametes (1n/haploid) cells, containing only one copy of DNA.  When male and female gametes are joined, fertilization occurs and the DNA from both parents are combined to form the new offspring.

12.  Most multicellular organisms reproduce by sexual reproduction; some can reproduce asexually (one parent).  Budding – second organism grows off parent; identical DNA.

14.  Chemical energy is the form of energy that all organisms use to carry out life functions.  Plants capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy through ---

15.  Plants take in water + CO2 + sun energy  Turn it into glucose (sugar) and oxygen  Mostly take place in the leaves, which are green because of…? › Chloroplasts

16.  Plants are also called autotrophs, which means “self-feeder”.  Algae and some bacteria/protists are also able to use photosynthesis. › Plants are a different type of producer because they have specialized cells to story energy  excess energy is stored as starch.

17.  When plants need to release energy, the starch is broken down and cellular respiration occurs.

18.  Leaves, stems, and roots allow plants to live on land.  Grass: deep roots, produce seeds quickly, and can grow in various areas.

19.  Trees: cannot survive in harsh conditions, but different types of trees can survive in different areas. › Coniferous : (pine) do better is cold climates; needle-shaped leaves stay green. › Deciduous : (maple) need long growing season and loses leaves in cold temps.

20.  Protection: some plants have adaptations that prevent them from being eaten. › Mustard: odor › Poison Ivy/Oak: harmful chemicals › Nicotine: poison

21.  Specific Needs: › Venus Fly Trap: leaves fold to capture insects; fluids given off by the leaves break down the body, and nutrients are given off to the plant.

23.  Plants can respond to a stimulus: something that produces a response from an organism. › Gravity, touch, and light

24.  Plants respond to gravity and have a sense of up and down.

25.  Some plants have special stems called tendrils.  These plants grow in close contact with another object to help raise it closer to the sunlight.

26.  Stems and leaves grow toward light because they have a special hormone : chemical substance that is produced in one part of the organism and creates a reaction.  Auxin

27.  Step 1: sunlight stimulates production of auxins at the tip of the stem.  Step 2: auxin moves to cells on dark side.  Step 3: cells with auxin grow longer cells, causing them to bend to light.

28.  Shorter daylight (fall/winter) means less time to capture sunlight.  Many plants go into dormancy, causing them to temporarily stop growing.  Trees and other plants can survive the winter, and grow leaves back. Other plants must be replanted every year.

29.  Seasons can also affect reproduction: short day plants vs. long day plants.

31.  Animals are consumers : organisms that need to get energy from another organism.  Heterotrophs : organisms that feed on other organisms.

32.  Simple feeding: filtering food from environment.  Complex feeding : searching for food and/or capturing food.

33.  Herbivores: plants/algae  Carnivores: other animals  Omnivores : plants and animals

34.  Digestion is the process that animals use to break down food.  Digestion uses physical and chemical activity.

35.  Some animals, like sponges, can take in food particles directly into their cells.  Jellyfish have a single opening in their bodies to take in food and expel wastes.  Most animals have a tube-like system- mouth at one end, waste released at the other end.

36.  Animals obtain energy through cellular respiration.  Most animals take in water through their digestive system.  The oxygen needed for cell. resp. is brought into the body in different ways.

37.  Insects: spiracles – tiny openings in body  Fish: gills – oxygen in water  Others, like humans, take in oxygen through the lungs.

38.  For most animals, muscle and skeletal systems provide movement and support.  Nervous systems allow animals to sense and respond to stimuli. › Light, sounds, odors, temp, hunger, thirst, etc.

39.  Behavior : any observable response to a stimulus.  Some behaviors are inherited (spiders spinning a web), and others are learned.

40.  Often meet basic needs – food, water, shelter.  Respond to environment

41.  Social behaviors  Parents and offspring  Behaviors for attracting mate  Working together or being competitive › Hunting in packs/competing for space

42.  Competition: The search for food.  Predator : animal that hunts other animals. › Running fast, hunting abilities  Prey : animal that is being hunted. › Escaping predators, hiding, running in packs.

43.  Cooperation: tickbirds remove ticks from the skin of an impala.  This is symbiosis – it benefits both animals.

44.  Migration : the movement of animals to a different region in response to environment. › Monarch butterflies, birds  Hibernation : sleeplike state that lasts for an extended time period. › Frogs, turtles, fish, insects, etc.

46.  Break down the complex carbon compounds that are part of living matter.  They are heterotrophs.  Decompose bodies of plants/animals, fallen leaves, shed skin, and animal droppings.

47.  Most multicellular (except yeast)  Nucleus and thick cell wall  No specialization  Has reproductive body and network of cells called a hyphae.

48.  A mass of hyphae is called a mycelium.  Hyphae – just one cell thick.  Cells release chemicals to break down materials around them.

49.  A spore is a single reproductive cell that can grow into a new organism.  A single mushroom can make a billion spores, which are spread through the air by wind.

50.  Hyphae can break and new mycelium can form – like budding.  Yeast can have a simple cell division or budding.

51.  A single mushroom is a part of a much larger mycelium.  Some are edible, some are poisonous (toadstool).  The cap produces spores; the cap and stalk are filled with hyphae.

52.  Mold that we commonly see is the spore- producing part of fungus.  Hyphae grow into the food.  Used to make cheese (Penicillium) and soy sauce (Aspergillus).

53.  Can cause disease (athlete’s foot).  Can treat disease (Penicillin).  Reproduce with spores, mostly through the moving air. › Pilobolus shoots a spore-containing cap up to two meter away because of pressure.

54.  Single-celled  Moist environments and surfaces  Some grow on human skin, which can cause disease.  Makes bread rise

55.  The main decomposers on Earth.  releasing nutrients of decaying materials into the soil.  This helps the plant that the hyphae is surrounding.

56.  Single-celled algae  Can live just about anywhere

57.  Many produce toxins – harmful chemicals  The potato famine in Ireland.  Some fungus is used for medicines – penicillin. › Prevents bacteria from reproducing successfully.