1. Thermal Duality: Nemesis of Black Holes? Mike Hewitt Canterbury Christ Church University

2. What is the thermalon? Condensate that forms at the Hagedorn transition. Euclidean single wrapping mode – related to the thermal path integral for a single string by modular invariance. The thermalon mode will be interpreted as a deformation of the vacuum, in thermal equilibrium with normal vacuum. The thermalon is not a normal propagating state – rather, a macroscopic order parameter for mixing long string states with the field vacuum, entangling the external field state with long strings.

3. Thermalon and gravity

4. Gravito-thermal interaction The thermalon is part of the gravity sector in string theory. Gravity becomes part of a ‘gravito-thermal’ interaction. The condensate that forms at the Hagedorn transition behaves as part of the gravity sector. Thermal duality implies a possibility of the thermalon producing gravitational vacuum polarization. This may limit the strength of gravity, preventing the formation of black holes – a novel macroscopic effect.

5. Why is this significant? String theory does not work in 4 dimensions without a gravity regulator – more below. With a regulator, it may become like QCD, with gravitationally free strings confined to a bag of a different phase. The heterotic gravity regulator is generic in dimension, and avoids black hole formation and related information paradoxes. The heterotic regulator may generalise to other string models.

6. Scaling behaviour vs dimension

7. Holographic principle

8. Problem of strings in 4 dimensions An attractive feature of string theory is that it naturally includes gravitons and has finite amplitudes for graviton scattering in the critical dimension. High energy scattering is intermediated by an infinite spectrum of free string states. However, string theory as a theory of quantum gravity does not really work as advertised in 4 dimensions, as high energy collisions would form black holes rather than demonstrate string scattering amplitudes or the production of long string states.

9. Free string spectrum

10. …operators

12. String radial scale

13. It appears that most string states would collapse behind event horizons. However, the fixed nature of the value for the transition temperature from the winding mode implies that the free spectrum is somehow preserved when gravity is turned on. This supports a bag model interpretation for string states in 4 dimensions (hadron analogy).

14. Thermal duality – to the rescue?

15. Thermalon weak field solutions

16. Accelerating Wall Solution

17. Note the negative energy density close to the horizon Source is zero at Red Shifted Source (Seen from infinity)

18. Area Difference across the Wall This can be described by a ‘warp factor’ w:

19. Gravity Regulator proposal

20. Adiabatic (constant area) condition

21. Critical acceleration

22. Convexity

23. Generalisation Note the generic nature of the conditions, which can be abstracted from the heterotic context, and may apply across M space. The differential geometry applies in all uncompactified dimensions. The mechanism for heterotic strings relies on the self-dual nature of the thermalon. Although the thermalon is not self- dual for non-heterotic strings, thermal duality may still apply to the string sector (T duality in Euclidean time).

24. Non-heterotic case Mertens, Verschelde & Zakharov obtained similar results for the Rindler solution stress tensor for thermalons in type II string models. [ arXiv:1408.7012] Although these models do not have explicit thermal duality, this behaviour is related to the T duality of the torus diagram.

25. The conjecture also implies that (some generalisation of) thermal duality also provides a gravitational regulator for 11 dimensional supergravity.

26. Gravity regulator properties Critical surface conditions are a string regularised version of a Penrose trapped surface (infinite tension limit). Horizons are defined globally but trapped surfaces (and thermalon traps) are defined locally by these geometric conditions. Heuristically the critical gravity condition for conversion is equivalent to the condition that the Newtonian gravity (in local centre of mass frame) between any two objects is limited by the string tension. Mutual nature of effect between two interacting bodies is shown by the symmetry of the ‘Newtonian’ effective criterion for the gravitational regulator – may also hold throughout M space.

27. Transition

28. Transition Process The following slide shows a possible transition processes for formation of a thermalon region and absorption of infalling matter. The infalling matter has a relativistic velocity relative to the interior.

29. Encounter process Diagrams:

30. Conversion timescales

31. Conversion from Minkowski space? Suppose a planar thermalon trap crosses a wall of matter in Minkowski space. The wall of matter cannot be converted to a thermalon excitation because of the warp factor that would be produced. Agrees with intuition about conservation of energy. Conversion is not possible in Minkowski space.

34. Particle absorption Consider next a thermalon front geometry with a salient (previous diagram). Could this be produced by a thermalon trap absorbing a particle in Minkowski space? An expanding wave-front bounds a convex region in a Minkowski background. This is inconsistent with a locally constant area. Thus, although traps associated with Rindler frames are everywhere in Minkowski space, these cannot gain energy by recruiting particles.

35. Ball solution Thermal duality implies that gravitational gradients are expelled around the self-dual point. This is similar to the Meissner effect in superconductors. [MH arxiv 1309.7578] Gravitational polarization gives a screening mechanism which restricts the gravitational source to the boundary of a (fully developed) thermalon region.

36. Hyperbolic spatial geometry in the interior makes the volume and information content proportional to surface area. String excitations are gravitationally free in the interior – like quarks in hadrons. Should resolve string state problem in 4 dimensions.

37. Hot objects

39. Naturalness of the thermalon ball A thermalon deformation however naturally and stably meets this matching condition for temperature and surface gravity as it is tied to the location of high static gravitational acceleration. Here a ‘standing wave’ thermalon excitation can ride the gravitational field.

40. Black holes and M theory

41. Evaporating Black Hole Note the causal disconnection between the original information and late Hawking radiation. Monogamy of entanglement prevents reconciliation of ‘lost’ and ‘found’ information.

42. Black hole evaporation paradoxes General problem – getting information out from a photon trap – without propagating information faster than light (outside the light cone). A resort to quantum mechanics for a resolution does not seem to work –inconsistent with the principles of quantum information theory Braunstein - Pirandola theorems – the conventional picture of black hole evaporation appears to be inconsistent with unitarity [ arXiv:1411.7195].

43. Unitarity problems [B-P] Theorem 1: A contradiction exists between: 1.a) completely unitarily evaporating black holes, 1.b) a freely falling observer notices nothing special until they pass well within a large black hole's horizon, and 1.c) the black hole interior Hilbert space dimensionality may be well approximated as the exponential of the Bekenstein Hawking entropy.

44. Theorem 2: A contradiction exists between: 2.a) completely unitarily evaporating black holes, 2.b) large black holes are described by local physics (no signals faster than light) and 2.c) externally, a large black hole should resemble its classical theoretical counterpart (aside from its slow evaporation).

45. Holographic problem

46. Resolution? This model may resolve ‘firewall paradoxes’ by removing the horizon, and providing a physically motivated firewall to store the information content of a collapsing object. The ‘firewall’ here would be formed by string bremsstrahlung during gravitational collapse. The firewall would be stable - there is no black hole, and the interior space has been crushed so there is nowhere else for the energy and information to go except outward by Hawking evaporation.

47. Conclusions Because of thermal duality, string models may have a vacuum polarization mechanism which limits the strength of gravity. The criterion for this to be effective is based on the area of accelerating surfaces, not the tidal Riemannian curvature. This effect would occur at, and only at, sites of extreme gravitational collapse. Collapsing objects would form hot holograms, rather than black holes. This would resolve the firewall paradox: firewalls are real, but black holes are not. Resolve the black hole information problem: there would be no black holes to compromise quantum information.