1. Oxana Sinyavskaya, High School of Economics (Moscow) osinyavskaya@hse.ru osinyavskaya@hse.ru Use of Parental leave policies in the Russian Federation 11th LPR Network seminar 11 th LPR Network seminar, Tallinn, September 18, 2014

2. Maternity and parental leaves in Russia 11th LPR Network seminar Childbirth Maternity leave 10 weeks Paid Parental leaveUnpaid Parental leave Child 1.5 years oldChild 3 years old 100% wage40% wage Extended to not employed women from 2007 Minimum differentiated by birth order – 2007+

3. Formal childcare coverage by child’s age 11th LPR Network seminar 2010 Census data Paid leave Unpaid leave

4. Minimum and maximum parental leave benefits as a percentage of average wage and children subsistence minimum Rosstat data 11th LPR Network seminar

5. Average size of monthly benefits for care for a child under 18 months RUBEURO In % to children subsistence minimum In % to average wage to insured women (paid parental leave benefits) for the 1st child6092148.697.322.9 for the 2nd+ child6477158.0103.524.3 to not insured women for the 1st child232656.737.28.7 for the 2nd+ child4652113.574.317.5 Average monthly benefits to care for children below 18 months, 2012 Social Insurance Fund data 11th LPR Network seminar

6. Very limited statistical information –Social Insurance Fund data are not often reliable A small number of observations in a limited number of sociological surveys –Russian Generations and Gender Survey, wave 3, 2011 (N=11,174) –Sample of female respondents 17-44 years old with biological and adopted children from 0 to 35 months in the household (N=374) –Examples from other data (source is indicated) Use of leaves – data problems 11th LPR Network seminar

7. Duration of leave after the 1 st birth 1965-1990 1991-2005 EES 2005 11th LPR Network seminar

8. 2009201020112012 Number of births 1 761 687 1 788 948 1 796 629 1 902 084 Number of lump-sum birth grants paid: 1 579 007 1 678 957 1 731 188 incl.: to employed women 1 157 920 1 248 041 1 277 993 to not employed women 421 087 430 916 453 195 Number of monthly benefits for care for a child under 18 months: 3 629 560 3 823 090 3 870 726 incl.: to insured women (paid parental leave benefits) for the 1st child 1 107 662 1 180 634 1 167 794 for the 2nd+ child 925 811 1 041 967 1 107 852 to not insured women 1 595 080 for the 1st child 820 018 789 014 for the 2nd+ child 776 069 811 475 Number of monthly benefits for care for a child under 18 months Rosstat data, based on SIF 11th LPR Network seminar

9. Proportion of “paid parental leaves” in total number of benefits for care for a child under 18 months 11th LPR Network seminar Author’s calculation based on Rosstat data, based on SIF

10. Type of contract Statutory arrangements maternity leave parental leave bothsick leaves Employees, 85.382.582.386.5 - by the type of contract: permanent labor contracts 91.988.988.792.8 temporary labor contract or subcontract 73.570.169.374.6 verbal agreement 19.620.319.624.1 - by firm ownership: Private firm / person 71.867.767.273.6 Public 98.497.197.098.9 Mixed 95.491.2 95.4 Total81.178.478.282.2 Potential availability of certain statutory arrangements related to childbirth, by type of contract, 2007-2011 11th LPR Network seminar GGS 2007-2011 (from: Sinyavskaya, Billingsley 2014) Does your job provide access to … ?

11. Female activity status by the age of the youngest child, 2011 GGS, 2011 11th LPR Network seminar

12. Proportion of women reported being on leave or receiving leave benefits by the age of the youngest child, 2011 GGS, 2011 11th LPR Network seminar

13. Coverage – almost universal (at the expense of extending coverage to not employed) The biggest problem – level of compensation Potential availability of parental leaves – no effect on fertility intentions (due to the size?) (Sinyavskaya, Billingsley 2011) However, using of leaves (not too long) has positive effect on both subsequent fertility and return to employment (Gerber, Perelli-Harris 2012) Conclusions 11th LPR Network seminar