1. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, Eighth Edition ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers Chapter 10: Providing for Generalization of Behavior Change

2. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Chapter Overview Generalization Stimulus Generalization Maintenance Response Generalization Training Generalization Train and Hope Sequentially Modify Introduce to Natural maintaining Contingencies Train Sufficient Exemplars Train Loosely Use Indiscriminable Contingencies Program Common Stimuli Mediate Generalization and Train to Generalize

3. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Types of Generalization Stimulus Generalization MaintenanceResponse Generalization Transfer of training Response maintenance Resistance to extinction Durability Behavioral persistence Concomitant behavior change Current behavior change

4. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Questions for Programming Generalization Has the skill been acquired? Can the student acquire reinforcers (natural or otherwise) without performing the skill? Does the student perform part of the skill?

5. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Guidelines to Facilitate Generalization Teach target behavior in natural setting Train across individuals Train in variety of settings Quickly shift between artificial cues and reinforcers to natural cues and reinforcers Transition from CRF to intermittent reinforcement Increase delays in delivery of reinforcement Reinforce generalization (Zirpoli & Melloy, 1993)

6. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Techniques for Assessing and Training for Generalization Train and Hope Sequentially Modify Introduce to Natural Maintaining Contingencies Train Sufficient Exemplars Train Loosely Use Indiscriminable Contingencies Program Common Stimuli Mediate Generalization Train to Generalize

7. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Training for Generalization 1) Train and Hope: Some behaviors do generalize without direct training Train and hope method more common in individuals with mild disabilities, not common for individuals with severe disabilities

8. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Training for Generalization 2) Sequentially Modify Generalization is promoted by applying the same techniques that successfully changed behavior in one setting to all settings where the target behavior is desirable

9. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 Training for Generalization 3) Introduce to Natural Maintaining Contingencies Ways in which to transfer to natural contingencies: Observe the students environment Choose behaviors subject to trapping Teach students to recruit reinforcers from the environment Teach students to recognize reinforcement when it is delivered

10. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10 Training for Generalization 4) Train Sufficient Exemplars General Case Programming: emphasizes using sufficient members of a class of stimuli to ensure that students will be able to perform the task on any member of the class of stimuli Using Multiple Settings, Teachers, and Activities: evidence that training in a variety of settings generalizes the skills taught to novel settings

11. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Training for Generalization 5) Train Loosely Traditional instruction for students with disabilities (especially severe disabilities) extremely structured, some research indicates that less structured instruction may assist with generalization.

12. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 Training for Generalization 6) Use Indiscriminable Contingencies Employ thin intermittent schedules of reinforcement Important to use schedules of reinforcement that make it difficult for the student to determine when contingencies of reinforcement are to occur.

13. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13 Training for Generalization 7) Program Common Stimuli Increase similarity of training situation to natural situation Introduce elements of training situation to natural environment

14. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 14 Training for Generalization 8) Train to Generalize: Increase probability by reinforcing generalization as a response class Lag schedule of reinforcement – teacher provides reinforcement only for responses that are different from the previous response to that cue (Lag 1) or the previous two responses (Lag 2),etc. 9) Mediate Generalization: Students taught to monitor and report their own generalization of appropriate behavior Self-Control Self-Management

15. Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 8 th Ed. Alberto & Troutman ISBN 0131592920 © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 15 Key Terms generalization maintenance stimulus generalization stimulus class response generalization lag schedule of reinforcement