1. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 13 Data Collection in Quantitative Research

2. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false: For unstructured data, researchers use formal data collection instruments that place constraints on those collecting data and those providing them.

3. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False For structured data, not unstructured data, researchers use formal data collection instruments that place constraints on those collecting data and those providing them.

4. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Data Collection Plan Structured data: –Formal data collection instruments –Constraints: Collection Providing

5. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Early Steps in Data Collection Plan Identification prioritization of data needs Measures of variables Selection existing instruments –Conceptual stability –Data quality –Cost –Population appropriateness –Reputation

6. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false: Open-ended questions permit respondents to reply in narrative fashion.

7. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer True Open-ended questions permit respondents to reply in narrative fashion, whereas closed-ended (or fixed- alternative) questions offer response alternatives from which respondents must choose.

8. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Structured Self-Report Instruments Interview schedules Questionnaires Open-ended questions Closed-ended questions

9. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Which type of closed ended question have several questions with the same response format? A.Forced choice B.Rating C.Checklist D.Visual analog scale

10. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer C Forced-choice questions require respondents to choose between two competing positions, rating questions ask respondents to make judgments along a bipolar dimension, checklists have several questions with the same response format, visual analog scales (VASs), which are continua used to measure subjective experiences.

11. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Closed-Ended Questions Dichotomous Multiple choice Rank order Forced choice Rating Checklists Visual analog scales

12. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Psychological Scales Multiple item self-report tool Measures degree to which individuals possess or are characterized by target attributes

13. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Likert Scale Summated rating scale Series of statements about a phenomenon Indicate degree of agreement or disagreement Total score is computed by summing item scores, each of which is scored for the intensity and direction of favorability

14. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Semantic Differentials Bipolar rating scales Indicate reactions toward a phenomenon Measure: –Evaluative –Activity –Potency

15. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Q Sort Set of card statements into piles Specified criteria Measure: –Attitudes –Personality –Psychological traits

16. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Vignettes Brief descriptions of event Asked to react to events Assess respondents: –Perceptions –Hypothetical behaviors –Decisions

17. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question Tell whether the following statement is true or false: Interviews are less costly and time-consuming than questionnaires.

18. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer False Questionnaires are less costly and time-consuming than interviews.

19. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Questionnaires Less costly Less time-consuming Anonymity No risk of interviewer bias Group administration: –Most economical Mail: low response rate Web-based survey

20. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Interviews Higher response rate Wider variety of people Richer data Data quality: –Interpersonal skills –Ease and build rapport –Probing

21. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Structured Self-Reports Response set biases Common responses: –Social desirability –Extreme response –Acquiescence

22. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checklists Occurrence or frequency Category systems

23. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Rating Scales Rate phenomena Dimension typically bipolar Made at specific intervals or after observations are complete

24. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Sampling Time sampling involves the specification of the duration and frequency of observational periods and intersession intervals. Event sampling selects integral behaviors or events of a special type for observation.

25. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Observer Biases Enhancement of contrast effect Central tendency bias Halo effect Assimilatory biases Errors of leniency Errors of severity

26. Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Biophysiologic Measures In vivo In vitro Objective Accurate Precise