1. Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3 http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

2. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ____________________________ the ________________________. = ________________________ Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions. “Nature vs Nurture” ENVIRONMENT influences expression of genes provide plan depends environmental

3. GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have ____________ allele __________ = ____________________ EX: blood type Allele choices ___ ___ ___ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT A BO MORE than 2 choices

4. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG POLYGENIC TRAIT MORE THAN ONE GENE

5. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____ “___________” phenotypes http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ of intelligences in-between MORE than ONE gene many in-between whole range

6. GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE CO-DOMINANCE

7. COMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ allele _______ the ___________ one PATTERN ? ____________ allele ________ in a _____ratio in the ____ generation Dominant masks recessive Recessive returns 3:1 F2F2 http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

8. INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE __________ expected _____ ratio in F 2 generation _____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait BLENDED DON’T SEE 3:1 Heterozygous Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

9. CO-DOMINANCE _______ traits are expressed at ___________ (_____________________) in heterozygote A ________HORSE has ______________ hair and __________ hair side by side BOTH SAME TIME ROAN BOTH RED WHITE NO BLENDING

10. CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

11. Membrane proteins with _______ attached that help cells recognize self = ______________ GLYCOPROTEINS http://www.mannanw.com/super-sugars.htm REMEMBER sugars

12. BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _________________________ The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: _____________ ABO MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT

13. BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

14. BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface

15. BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

16. A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH “A” and “B” glycoproteins on its surface

17. BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) AA AO BB BO OO AB A A B B O

18. B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg A and AB see A as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

19. A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg B and AB see B as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

20. Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” UNIVERSAL DONOR O DONOR BLOOD

21. A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg Only AB sees AB as “like me” DONOR BLOOD

22. Body image modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg ______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT ABAB AB can only GIVE to AB BUT...

23. BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html A40% B10% AB4% O46%

24. ABO SYSTEM is NOT THE ONLY ONE Rh + Rh -

25. MOM is _____ & BABY is ____ OTHER BLOOD TYPES ____________________ IF: Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif MOM is _____ & BABY is _____ Rh + Rh - NO PROBLEMS

26. Can be a ___________ IF: Mom is _____ Baby is _____ Image modified from: http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif 1 st baby OK but few baby cells entering mom’s bloodstream put mom’s immune system on alert for + cells. Next + baby, mom’s immune system can attack baby as it is growing Mom given shot after 1 st birth prevents this Rh+ PROBLEM Rh -

27. DIHYBRID CROSSES ( 2 traits) http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html

28. Mendel also asked the question? Does the gene that determines if a seed is round or wrinkled have anything to do with the gene for seed shape? Must a seed that is yellow also be round?

29. MAKING A CROSS with ___________________= ____________________ A Punnett square for a DIHYBRID CROSS looks like this: DIHYBRID CROSS TWO gene traits

30. Go to Section: Section 11-3 Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas

31. 1. ___________ what _________________ are 2. ________correct__________ square __________ 3. ______ possible_______________________ 4. ______ boxes with _____________________ 5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________ LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS HOMOZYGOUS YELLOW ROUND rryy HOMOZYGOUS GREEN WRINKLED Figure out parent alleles Choose Punnett size Put in parent gametes Fill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes genotypes RRYY

32. LAW OF __________________________ the factors are distributed to gametes independently of other factors INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT Image modified from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm

33. R R Y YR R Y Y HOMOZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ R YR Y R YR Y R YR YR YR Y

34. r r y yr r y y HOMOZYGOUS WRINKLED GREEN PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ r y r yr y r yr yr yr y

35. R r Y yR r Y y HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES THIS PARENT CAN MAKE ? Each gamete should get one of each kind of gene ___________ ____________ _____________ _____________ R YR Y r yr y r Yr YR yR y

36. ry RY 100% of offspring = _______ genotype _______________________ phenotype RrYy ROUND YELLOW RrYy RrYy RrYyRrYy RrYy RrYy

37. R r Y yR r Y yR r Y yR r Y y HETEROZYGOUS ROUND YELLOW MAKE ANOTHER CROSS X

38. POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES? RYRY ryry RyRy rYrY

39. RYRyrYry RY Ry rY ry Sign of a ______________________ cross is a _____________ ratio in offspring. 9:3:3:1 ____ Round & Yellow ____ Round & green ____ Wrinkled & yellow ____ wrinkled & green 9 3 3 1 RRYY RRYy RrYYRrYy RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy heterozygous dihybrid

40. __________ratio is a clue that it’s a ____________________________cross ____ ____________ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2 ____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2 9 3 3 1 9:3:3:1 HETEROZYGOUS TWO gene dominant dominant recessive recessive dominant recessive

41. PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for DIHYBRID CROSSES http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

42. pure round & pure tall = __________ ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   R R T T R T   R TR TR TR T

43. Heterozygous Tall = __________ & pure round ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t R R T R   t Rt Rt Rt R

44. Hybrid tall = __________ & pure wrinkled ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t r r T r   t rt rt rt r

45. Heterozygous tall = __________ & hybrid round ____ ____ ___________ What gametes can it produce? What are the possible gametes?   T t R r T RT r   t rt rt Rt R