1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood: The River of Life

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► List the components of the cardiovascular system and explain the major functions of this system. ► Describe the important components and major functions of the blood ► List the characteristics and functions of red blood cells. ► Describe the structure of hemoglobin and indicate its functions. ► Discuss red blood cell production and maturation.

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Explain the importance of blood typing and the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities. ► Categorize the various white blood cells on the basis of structure and function. ► Describe the structure, function and production of platelets. ► Describe the reaction sequences responsible for blood clotting.

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Provides a mechanism for rapid transport of nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases and cells The cardiovascular system

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Fluid connective tissue ► Functions  Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes  Regulating pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids  Restricting fluid loss at injury sites  Defending the body against toxins and pathogens  Regulating body temperature by absorbing and redistributing heat Blood

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The composition of blood ► Plasma and formed elements comprise whole blood  Red blood cells (RBC)  White blood cells (WBC)  Platelets ► Can fractionate whole blood for analytical or clinical purposes

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.1c The Composition of Whole Blood

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.1b The Composition of Whole Blood

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Review: List, by %, the components of blood. In 1 L of Blood: How much plasma? How much RBC? WBC? Platelets

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Accounts for 46-63% of blood volume  92% of plasma is water  Higher concentration of dissolved oxygen and dissolved proteins than interstitial fluid Plasma

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► more than 90% are synthesized in the liver ► Albumins  60% of plasma proteins  Responsible for viscosity and osmotic pressure of blood Plasma proteins

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Globulins  ~35% of plasma proteins  Include immunoglobins which attack foreign proteins and pathogens  Include transport globulins which bind ions, hormones and other compounds ► Fibrinogen  Converted to fibrin during clotting  Removal of fibrinogen leaves serum

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Gamma Globulin Shots: temporarily boost for immunity against disease Why Usually given to patients exposed to Hepatitis A? Hep A vaccine now developed

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Red Blood Cells

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Artery Vein

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.2 The Anatomy of Red Blood Cells

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Erythrocytes account for slightly less than half the blood volume, and 99.9% of the formed elements ► Hematocrit measures the percentage of whole blood occupied by formed elements  Commonly referred to as the volume of packed red cells Abundance of RBCs

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Biconcave disc, providing a large surface to volume ration ► Shape allows RBCs to stack, bend and flex ► RBCs lack organelles ► Typically degenerate in about 120 days. Structure of RBCs

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.4 “Sickling” in Red Blood Cells

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings In certain parts of Africa today, the frequency of the mutant gene for sickle-cell (Hb S ) is very high (5-20%) as shown in the distribution map below: malaria, caused by the protozoan Plasmodium falciparum

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► 3 million new blood cells entering the circulation per second. ► Components of hemoglobin individually recycled  Heme stripped of iron and converted to biliverdin, then bilirubin ► Iron is recycled by being stored in phagocytes, or transported throughout the blood stream bound to transferrin RBC life span and circulation

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.3 The Structure of Hemoglobin

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.11 White Blood Cells

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Have nuclei and other organelles ► Defend the body against pathogens ► Remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal or damaged cells ► Are capable of amoeboid movement (margination) and positive chemotaxis ► Some are capable of phagocytosis Leukocytes-WBC

25. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Granular leukocytes  Neutrophils – 50 to 70 % total WBC population- phagocytize bacteria  Eosinophils – phagocytes attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies- worms/allergy/asthma  Basophils – migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin- inflamation response Types of WBC

26. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Agranular leukocytes  Monocytes - become macrophage  Lymphocytes – includes T cells, B cells, and NK cells- immune response Types of WBC

27. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Exercise 29A Activity 2 Activity 7 Review Sheet 29A Composition of Blood Hematologic Tests

28. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.6 Stages of RBC Maturation

29. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Erythropoeisis = the formation of new red blood cells ► Occurs in red bone marrow ► Process speeds up with in the presence of EPO (Erythropoeisis stimulating hormone)  RBCs pass through reticulocyte and erythroblast stages RBC Production

30. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.5 Red Blood Cell Turnover

31. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Determined by the presence or absence of surface antigens (agglutinogens)  Antigens A, B and Rh (D) ► Antibodies in the plasma (agglutinins) ► Cross-reactions occur when antigens meet antibodies Blood types

32. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.8 Blood Typing & Cross-Reactions

33. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.10 Rh Factors and Pregnancy

34. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Indicates a number of disorders  Leukemia = inordinate number of leukocytes Differential counts- Blood Tests

35. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Platelets

36. ► Flattened discs ► Circulate for 9-12 days before being removed by phagocytes Platelets

37. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Transporting chemicals important to clotting ► Forming temporary patch in walls of damaged blood vessels ► Contracting after a clot has formed Platelet functions

38. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ► Megakaryocytes release platelets into circulating blood ► Rate of platelet formation is stimulated by thrombopoietin, thrombocyte-stimulating factor, interleukin-6, and Multi-CSF Platelet production (thrombocytopoiesis)

39. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis Stoppage of Blood Flow

40. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis ► Prevents the loss of blood through vessel walls ► Three phases –  Vascular phase  Platelet phase  Coagulation phase

41. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemostasis ► Vascular phase  Local blood vessel constriction (vascular spasm) ► Platelet phase  Platelets are activated, aggregate at the site, adhere to the damaged surfaces

42. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.13 The Vascular and Platelet Phases of Hemostasis http://heart-disease.emedtv.com/blood-clots-video/how-does-blood- clot-video.html

43. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Coagulation phase ► Factors released by platelets and endothelial cells interact with clotting factors to form a clot  Extrinsic pathway  Intrinsic pathway  Common pathway ► Suspended fibrinogen is converted to large insoluble fibrin fibers

44. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.14a The Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis

45. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 19.14b The Coagulation Phase of Hemostasis

46. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clot retraction ► Final phase of healing ► Platelets contract and pull the edges of the vessel together