1. Modulation - QPSK l Quadrature Phase Shift Keying is effectively two independent BPSK systems (I and Q), and therefore exhibits the same performance but twice the bandwidth efficiency. l Quadrature Phase Shift Keying can be filtered using raised cosine filters to achieve excellent out of band suppression. l Large envelope variations occur during phase transitions, thus requiring linear amplification. Wc = Carrier Frequency, I = In phase channel, Q = Quadrature channel

2. Multi-level (M-ary) Phase and Amplitude Modulation l Amplitude and phase shift keying can be combined to transmit several bits per symbol (in this case M=4). These modulation schemes are often refered to as linear, as they require linear amplification. l 16QAM has the largest distance between points, but requires very linear amplification. 16PSK has less stringent linearity requirements, but has less spacing between constellation points, and is therefore more affected by noise. l M-ary schemes are more bandwidth efficient, but more susceptible to noise. 16 PSK16 QAM

3. Types of QPSK l Conventional QPSK has transitions through zero (ie. 180 o phase transition). Highly linear amplifier required. l In Offset QPSK, the transitions on the I and Q channels are staggered. Phase transitions are therefore limited to 90 o. In  /4-QPSK the set of constellation points are toggled each symbol, so transitions through zero cannot occur. This scheme produces the lowest envelope variations. l All QPSK schemes require linear power amplifiers.