1. Statistical analysis

2. Types of Analysis Mean Range Standard Deviation Error Bars

3. Mean the average of data points (central tendency) how to calculate: add numbers together and divide by the number of data points ex: data: 10, 11, 12, 9, 8, and 7 cm (10+11+12+9+8+7) = 57 / 6 numbers = 9.5

4. Range the difference between the largest and smallest observed values how to calculate: subtract the smallest value from the largest ex: 12 - 7 = 5 cm (very small or very large values--outliers--will affect the range)

5. Standard Deviation a measure of how the individual observations of a data set are spread out around the mean IB will permit you to use a graphing calculator

6. how to calculate... data set: data: 10, 11, 12, 9, 8, and 7 cm 1. find the mean: 9.5 2. subtract the mean from each data point (ex. 10 - 9.5 = 0.5) 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, -0.5, -1.5, -2.5 3. square the deviations found above: 0.25, 2.25, 6.25, 0.25, 2.25, 6.25

7. 4. sum the squares of deviations: 0.25 + 2.25 + 6.25 + 0.25 + 2.25 + 6.25 = 17.5 5. divide by one less than the number of figures: 17.5 / 5 = 3.5 6. take the square root of this number: sq. root of 3.5 = 1.87

8. in a normal distribution, about 68% of the data lies within 1 standard deviation (in either direction) and 95% lies with in 2

9. Error bars a graphical representation of the variability of data can be used to show either the range or the standard deviation on a graph

11. Complete the following data table to find the mean and the range Seedling Height After 21 Days (cm) Plant Number MapleOakBirch 1 5.07.15.8 2 5.27.25.8 3 4.97.45.5 4 4.86.95.4 5 4.56.85.7 6 5.37.05.9 7 5.17.45.4 8 4.87.15.7 Mean Range

12. Now find the standard deviation for each set of values Seedling Height After 21 Days (cm) MapleOakBirch Mean Range Standard Deviation Create a bar graph (label title, axes, units) to show the range as an error bar for each species of tree.

13. One More SD Practice Residents of upstate New York are accustomed to large amounts of snow with snowfalls often exceeding 6 centimeters in one day. In one city, such snowfalls were recorded for two seasons and are as follows (in centimeters): 8.6, 9.5, 14.1, 11.5, 7.0, 8.4, 9.0, 6.7, 21.5, 7.7, 6.8, 6.1, 8.5, 14.4, 6.1, 8.0, 9.2, 7.1 Find the mean, range, and standard deviation for this data. What are the mean and the population standard deviation for this data, to the nearest hundredth?

14. The t-test Used to determine if a difference between two data sets is considered significant Were your results significant? Or were differences due to chance? Look up t value on chart to find the probability (p) that chance alone could produce that difference

15. if p =.50, then there is a 50% probability that your results are due to chance if p =.05, there is only a 5% probability the smaller the p value, the less likely it is that your results are from random chance

16. to find p, you must know the t-value and the degrees of freedom (we will learn how to do this on Excel) degrees of freedom = the sum of the sample sizes of each of the two groups minus two then look up on t value table your result should fall within p=0.05 to be significant

17. Correlation Vs. Causation Correlation- an observational trend made without an experiment (ex. many people who smoke get lung cancer) Causation- must be proved by an experiment (experiments showed that chemicals in cigarettes damage lung tissue and can cause cancer)

18. to determine correlation, you can calculate the value r (use calculator) r varies from completely positive correlation (+1) to no correlation (0) to completely negative correlation (-1) correlation is still not cause!!