1. Basic component of Network Management Woraphon Lilakiatsakun

2. Basic components Fig 3-1 Fig 3-1

3. The Network devices It is also called “Network Element” It is also called “Network Element” NE must offer a management interface to allow managing system to communicate with NE must offer a management interface to allow managing system to communicate with So, NEs. have to run a “Management Agent” So, NEs. have to run a “Management Agent” Management communication Management communication –Manager - a managing application who in charge of the management –(Management) Agent – support the manager by responding to its requests and notifying unexpected events

4. Manager-agent communication Fig 3-2 Fig 3-2

5. Management agent A management interface – handle management communication A management interface – handle management communication A Management Information Base (MIB)- conceptual data store (management information) that contain management view of the device being managed A Management Information Base (MIB)- conceptual data store (management information) that contain management view of the device being managed The core agent logic – translates between the operation of the management interface, the MIB and the actual device The core agent logic – translates between the operation of the management interface, the MIB and the actual device

6. Management interface Support a management protocol that defines the rules of conversation for communication between the managed network element Support a management protocol that defines the rules of conversation for communication between the managed network element For example For example –Allow MA to open (and tear down) management session with the NE –Allow MA to make management requests to the NE (requests to retrieve statistical data) –Allow NE to send unsolicited event messages to MA

7. Management Information Base (MIB) (1) Management operations are directed against the conceptual view Management operations are directed against the conceptual view –Ex. The network ports of a NE could be represented as a table in an imaginary database with each port having a corresponding entry in the table MIB is not a real database,it works as a proxy of the NE that affects to the actual device MIB is not a real database,it works as a proxy of the NE that affects to the actual device –EX. When MA modifies entry in the conceptual table, the actual configuration of device is also changed MIB does not always have to resemble a conceptual table depending on the management agent MIB does not always have to resemble a conceptual table depending on the management agent –Extended Markup Language (XML) –Set of Command-line parameters

8. Management Information Base (MIB) (2)

9. Management Information Base (MIB) (3) MIB related standard MIB related standard RFC 1155 RFC 1155 –Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP based internets RFC 1157 RFC 1157 –Simple Network Management Protocol RFC 1213 RFC 1213 –Management Information Base for Network Management of TCP/IP-based internets

10. Management Information Base (MIB) (4) OID = 1.3.6.1 (internet) OID = 1.3.6.1.4.1.2682.1 (dpsAlarmControl) MIB – OID Tree

11. Core agent logic Translates between the operation of the management interface, MIB, and actual device Translates between the operation of the management interface, MIB, and actual device –Ex. Translate the request to “retrieve a counter” into an internal operation that reads out a device hardware register. Additionally, it can include more management functions (embedded management intelligence) that offload the processing required by management app. Additionally, it can include more management functions (embedded management intelligence) that offload the processing required by management app. –Pre-correlated raw events before sent out –Schedule a periodic test function instead of sending new test request each time.

12. An anatomy of management agent Fig 3-4 Fig 3-4

13. Management information, MOs, MIBs, and Real Resources (1) Management information provides an abstraction of the real-world aspects for management purposes Management information provides an abstraction of the real-world aspects for management purposes –The version of installed software - to decide which devices need to have new software –Utilization of port - whether capacity upgrades are necessary –Fans - what is causing the temperature to rise –Packet counter for different interfaces – indicate that a network is under attack (DoS)

14. Management information, MOs, MIBs, and Real Resources (2) We refer a chunk of management information that expose of these real- world aspects as a managed object (MO) We refer a chunk of management information that expose of these real- world aspects as a managed object (MO) –a device fan along with its operational state –A port on a line card along with a set of statistical data

15. Management information, MOs, MIBs, and Real Resources (3)

16. Management information, MOs, MIBs, and Real Resources (4) An MO could be An MO could be –a MIB object in SNMP –A parameter in a command line interface (CLI) –An element of an XML document in a web- based management interface

17. Management information, MOs, MIBs, and Real Resources (5) Not all aspects in the real world are modeled Not all aspects in the real world are modeled –Color of devices Real world object that MO represents is referred to as the “real resource” Real world object that MO represents is referred to as the “real resource” Since management information in MIB represents real resource Since management information in MIB represents real resource –When querying the MIB for MO representing a packet counter 3 times, the value returned will be different –When modifying information in the MIB to perform certain updates, it will affect the real world.

18. Basic parts of network management - refined Fig 3-6 Fig 3-6

19. The Management System (1) Tools to manage the network Tools to manage the network –monitor the network –Service provisioning system –Craft terminal In fact, management system is different from management applications In fact, management system is different from management applications –Management system can run one or more management apps. –But often we can use both as the same meaning A management system can run one or more hosts A management system can run one or more hosts –Distributed across several hosts –Scalability –More robust

20. The Management System (2) Fig 3-8 Fig 3-8 Manager/agent reference diagram

21. The Management System (3) Fig 3-9 Fig 3-9 Caching MIB

22. The Management System (4) Pros for caching MIB Pros for caching MIB –avoid having to go back to the NE repeatedly for the same information Cons for caching MIB Cons for caching MIB –The cache is stale

23. The Management network (1) Networks for carrying traffic of subscriber or end user are referred as “production network” Networks for carrying traffic of subscriber or end user are referred as “production network” Networks for carrying management traffic are referred as “management network” Networks for carrying management traffic are referred as “management network” Both can be physically separate networks or they can share the same physical network Both can be physically separate networks or they can share the same physical network

24. The Management network (2) Connecting a craft terminal to a managed device and use CLI to configure and troubleshoot the network device

25. The Management network (3) Fig 3-11 Fig 3-11 Connecting to multiple devices through a terminal server

26. The Management network (4) Fig 3-12 Fig 3-12 Dedicated Vs Shared Management and Production networks

27. The Management network (5) Pros of a dedicated management network Pros of a dedicated management network Reliability Reliability –Congestion or network failure occurs somewhere in the network, it makes the devices hard to reach Management traffic will be impacted Management traffic will be impacted Hard to find out what it is happenning Hard to find out what it is happenning Interference avoidance Interference avoidance –Compete with production traffic –data or voice traffic –Not high volume but bursty characteristics may interfere high QoS services (voice,video streaming) Ease of network planning Ease of network planning –No need to consider on management traffic Security Security –Hard to attack and more secure

28. The Management network (6) Cons of a dedicated management network Cons of a dedicated management network Cost and overhead Cost and overhead –Addition cost for a management network No reasonable alternative No reasonable alternative –Some devices do not provide a physical connection for another usage –DSL router cannot be connected with two physical links

29. The Management network (7) Cost is the huge disadvantage Cost is the huge disadvantage So, the management network is needed only critical area So, the management network is needed only critical area –Backbone of service providers or big enterprises Hybrid solution Hybrid solution –Generally, it shares over production networks –Only critical segments are used as dedicated networks

30. The Management Support Organization: NOC (1) The management support org. is responsible for making sure that the network is being run efficiently and effectively The management support org. is responsible for making sure that the network is being run efficiently and effectively Management tasks (1) Management tasks (1) –Monitoring the network for failures –Diagnosing failures and communication outages –Planning and carrying out repairs –Provisioning new services and adding/removing users

31. The Management Support Organization: NOC (2) Management tasks (2) Management tasks (2) –Keeping an eye on performance of the network and taking preventive measures –Planning network upgrade To increase capacity and distribution of software patches To increase capacity and distribution of software patches –Planning network topology and network buildout Ensure that the network will meet future demands Ensure that the network will meet future demands

32. The Management Support Organization: NOC (3) Organization structure Organization structure –Network planning - analyzing network usage and traffic patterns and planning network buildout and service rollout –Network operation - keeping the network running and monitoring the network failures –Network administration – Deploying the network and services on it –Customer (user) management -Interacting with the customers

33. The Management Support Organization: NOC (4) Other things are needed (1) Other things are needed (1) –Establishment of process and operational policies, documentation of operational procedures Help management of the network consistent and efficient and facilitates meeting a consistently high standard of operations Help management of the network consistent and efficient and facilitates meeting a consistently high standard of operations Well-defined workflow to ensure that things that are supposed to happen do not fall through cracks Well-defined workflow to ensure that things that are supposed to happen do not fall through cracks Well-defined escalation procedures to ensure responsiveness Well-defined escalation procedures to ensure responsiveness

34. The Management Support Organization: NOC (5) Other things are needed (2) Other things are needed (2) –Collection of audit trails Automatically logging the activities of operations Automatically logging the activities of operations make it easier to reproduce what happened and recover from situation in which human error make it easier to reproduce what happened and recover from situation in which human error –Network documentation Must be accurate and up-to-date Must be accurate and up-to-date Important for network planning and software upgrades Important for network planning and software upgrades

35. The Management Support Organization: NOC (6) Other things are needed (3) Other things are needed (3) –Reliable backup and restore procedures Bring network back to live again in case of disaster and emergencies Bring network back to live again in case of disaster and emergencies –Security emphasis Networks potentially most vulnerable from the inside Networks potentially most vulnerable from the inside Limit the damage that can cause by one person Limit the damage that can cause by one person

36. The dimensions of Management

37. Management interoperability Management interoperability Management subject Management subject Management life cycle Management life cycle Management layer Management layer Management function Management function Management Process and Organization Management Process and Organization

38. Management interoperability (1) Aspects of Management Interoperability

39. Management interoperability (2) Communication viewpoint Communication viewpoint –what kinds of messages are exchanged between parties engaging in management communication Function viewpoint Function viewpoint –The management function that either party can provide Information viewpoint Information viewpoint –How management information that needs to be exchanged is being represented

40. Management interoperability (3) Communication viewpoint (1) Communication viewpoint (1) –How is a management session established –How does a manager need to authenticate itself to the agent –How does a management message that carries a request identify –How does the manager recognize a message as a response to the request –Is a time stamp required –How is management information carried inside a management message encoded XML XML

41. Management interoperability (4) Communication viewpoint (2) Communication viewpoint (2) –How is the agent supposed to react if two messages that seemingly contain the same request are received Reject/ error response Reject/ error response –Who can initiate the tearing down of a management session Manager is logged out / agent tears down when no more message after a predefined time Manager is logged out / agent tears down when no more message after a predefined time –What should happen when a response to a management request is not received after a certain amount of time

42. Management interoperability (5) Function Viewpoint (1) - function Function Viewpoint (1) - function –What functions are provided to enable a manager to retrieve information from the agent –How can a managed system’s configuration be modified –Are transaction supported ? –is there an event subscription capability? –Does the agent allows events to be replayed in case a MA missed the event

43. Management interoperability (6) Function viewpoint (2) – how the app interact with the agent Function viewpoint (2) – how the app interact with the agent –Agents that provide introspection capabilities MA becomes easier to maintain and might not need to be upgraded as often MA becomes easier to maintain and might not need to be upgraded as often –Agents that provide transaction capabilities MA need to apply complicated logic MA need to apply complicated logic –Agent that provide an event subscription capability MA can subscribe to very specific categories of events MA can subscribe to very specific categories of events

44. Management interoperability (7) Information Viewpoint (1) – model representing the information Information Viewpoint (1) – model representing the information –Modeled as a collection of objects –Set of tables –Set of command parameters

45. The Role of Standards (1) A manager might need to manage a network with many different kinds of devices. A manager might need to manage a network with many different kinds of devices. Devices can vary in term of the followings Devices can vary in term of the followings –Capacities of the device and device type Routers/ switch/ voice gateway Routers/ switch/ voice gateway –Size and capacity of the device Low-end router VS high-end router Low-end router VS high-end router –Vendor Cisco, 3 COM, Huawei Cisco, 3 COM, Huawei –Operating system version

46. The Role of Standards (2) To establish common rules that everyone adheres to. To establish common rules that everyone adheres to. For management, standards address all aspect affecting interoperability: For management, standards address all aspect affecting interoperability: –The rules for management message exchange and the way in which management messages encode information –A complete and consistent set of basic management functions with well-known meaning, parameters and function return codes –The way in which the entities are modeled as management information

47. The Role of Standards (3) Key success of a standard Key success of a standard –Universal – in term of functions, everyone will have to support anyway –Extensible – extensions are possible to meet new requirement –Easy to implement

48. The dimensions of Management Management interoperability Management interoperability Management subject Management subject Management life cycle Management life cycle Management layer Management layer Management function Management function Management Process and Organization Management Process and Organization

49. Management Subject (1) Network management is often categorized into different disciplines: Network management is often categorized into different disciplines: –Network management Deal with the management of communication networks and the resources in the network – routers/switches Deal with the management of communication networks and the resources in the network – routers/switches –System management Deal with the management of end systems – hosts / servers Deal with the management of end systems – hosts / servers –Application management Deal with the management of applications deployed on systems that are interconnected over a network. Deal with the management of applications deployed on systems that are interconnected over a network.

50. Management Subject (2) Network management Network management –Configuration and monitoring on routers and switches System management System management –Hard disk capacity –Memory utilization Application management Application management –Deployment of software – license / OS

51. The dimensions of Management Management interoperability Management interoperability Management subject Management subject Management life cycle Management life cycle Management layer Management layer Management function Management function Management Process and Organization Management Process and Organization

52. Management life cycle (1) Plan Plan –Before any actual operations start based on current and forecast need Should consider resilience and redundancy –During the network system is running Should consider information about actual utilization and performance in the current network

53. Management life cycle (2) Deploy Deploy –Installation an turn up the equipments –Might have a bootstrap mechanism to allow a device to obtain an IP address and have layer2 or 3 connectivity Operate Operate –Monitoring/troubleshooting/performance tuning / collecting performance statistics /accounting data and etc Decommission Decommission –Old equipments (old technology) will be replace –Must be carefully carried out

54. The dimensions of Management Management interoperability Management interoperability Management subject Management subject Management life cycle Management life cycle Management layer Management layer Management function Management function Management Process and Organization Management Process and Organization

55. Management Layer (1) TMN-layer: a management hierarchy reference model

56. Management layer (2) TMN (Telecommunication Management Network) TMN (Telecommunication Management Network) –Network Element –Element Management –Network Management –Service Management –Business Management

57. Management layer (3) Network element Network element –It means “the management agent “ –It involves with the management functionality and communication pattern (protocols)

58. Management layer (4) Element management Element management –Involves managing the individual devices and keep them running Ex. To view and change a network element’s configuration To view and change a network element’s configuration To monitor alarm messages emitted from elements To monitor alarm messages emitted from elements To instruct network elements to run self-test To instruct network elements to run self-test

59. Management layer (5) Network Management Network Management –Involves with keeping the network running as a whole (end-to-end) –Managing multiple devices in a concerted fashion Ex. Monitoring that involves ensuring that data flow to reach destination with acceptable throughput and delay Monitoring that involves ensuring that data flow to reach destination with acceptable throughput and delay

60. Management layer (6) Service management Service management –Managing the services that the network provides and ensuring those services are running smoothly –Ex. A customer orders a phone service, a number of operations required Number allocation Number allocation Company directory updating Company directory updating Testing and troubleshoouting Testing and troubleshoouting

61. Management layer (7) Business management Business management –Deals with managing the business associated with providing services and all the required support function Billing and invoicing Billing and invoicing Help desk management Help desk management Business forecasting Business forecasting Etc ? Etc ?

62. The dimensions of Management Management interoperability Management interoperability Management subject Management subject Management life cycle Management life cycle Management layer Management layer Management function Management function Management Process and Organization Management Process and Organization

63. Management Function (1) At each layer of management, different functions need to be performed. At each layer of management, different functions need to be performed. Functions may apply across management layers Functions may apply across management layers –Activities with faults At network element layer, equipment and software malfunction need to be detected and alarms sent to management application At network element layer, equipment and software malfunction need to be detected and alarms sent to management application At element management layer, equipment needs to be monitored for outages At element management layer, equipment needs to be monitored for outages At network management layer, network can be reconfigure dynamically, connections and routes adjusted At network management layer, network can be reconfigure dynamically, connections and routes adjusted

64. Management Function (2) –Activities with configuration At the element management layer, configuring individual devices At the element management layer, configuring individual devices At the network management layer, provisioning end-to-end network connectivity At the network management layer, provisioning end-to-end network connectivity At the service management layer, provisioning services At the service management layer, provisioning services –FCAPS (Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, Security)

65. The dimensions of Management Management interoperability Management interoperability Management subject Management subject Management life cycle Management life cycle Management layer Management layer Management function Management function Management Process and Organization Management Process and Organization

66. Management Process and Organization Non technical dimension, relating to responsibilities, processes and procedures of organization Non technical dimension, relating to responsibilities, processes and procedures of organization EX. Work flow / job description EX. Work flow / job description Aspects to consider Aspects to consider –Coverage –Clear roles, responsibilities and interfaces –Efficiency and effectiveness –Resilience – cover unexpected human errors, event –Flexibility