2. NP are considered substances that are less than 100 nm in size in more than one nm. They can be spherical, tubular, or irregularly shaped and can exist in fused, aggregated or agglomerated forms.

3.  Natural 1. C-containing fulvic acids 2. Inorganic Ag, Au  Anthropogenic( Anthropogenic engineered) 1. C-containing Polyethyleneglycol (PEG) NP 2. Inorganic Platinum group metals

5.  efficacy of nanoparticles for any application dependson the physicochemical characteristics of both their core material and surface modifiers.  Nanomaterials are excellent adsorbents, catalysts, and sensors due to their large specific surface area and high reactivity.

6.  Antioxidant  Bactericides  Enzymes immobilization : free lipases are easily inactivated and difficult to recover for reuse. Therefore, especially in large-scale applications, lipases are often immobilized on solid supports in order to facilitate recovery and improve operational stability under a wide variety of reaction conditions

7.  anti-glycation activity of gold nanoparticles in addition to their biocompatibility has made them preferable for ophthalmological implications  Single enzyme Nanoparticles:

11.  Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) & acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (AChEI) Monocrotophos.  fibril formation

13.  Heavy metals deactivation and denaturation  Competitive inhibition  gold nanoparticles colloids can be used in diagnosis and treatment of some kinds of cancer  gold and silver nanoparticles colloids on activities of the different enzymes.  gold and silver nanoparticles colloids inhibition of GPT and GOT enzymes

14.  In animal models nanosilver alters the expression of matrix metallo-proteinases.  b-Lactamases (Blas)  inhibitory effect of the nanoparticles on growth of gram negative bacteria.

15.  disrupt normal protein function  suppression of energy metabolism  oxidative damage to crucial proteins and enzymes  and increased membrane permeability, causing its rupture

16.  nanoparticles themselves directly exert toxicities.  nanoparticles can be used as delivery carriers.