1. REDOX electrochemistry

2. Spontaneous redox reactions can transfer energy –Electrons (electricity) –Heat Non-spontaneous redox reactions can be made to happen with electricity. Redox reactions involve the transfer of the electron.

3. Trends in Oxidation and Reduction Active metals: Lose electrons easily Are easily oxidized Are strong reducing agents Active nonmetals: Gain electrons easily Are easily reduced Are strong oxidizing agents

4. Oxidation - is defined as the loss of an electron (LEO - loss of electron; oxidation) -when oxidation happens, charge becomes more positive Fe → Fe 2+ + 2e- 4 Fe (s) + 3 O 2 (aq) → 2 Fe 2 O 3 (s)

5. Reduction is defined as the gain of an electron (GER- gain of electrons – reduction - when reduction happens, charge becomes more negative Fe 2+ + 2e- → Fe - term is derived from the observation that metal oxides lose mass when refined to produce the pure metal: 2 Fe 2 O 3 (s) → 4 Fe (s) + 3 O 2 (aq)

6. N 2 O → NO Has the nitrogen gained or lost electrons? N 2 O → NO +1 +2 Nitrogen has lost one electron and is therefore being oxidized.

7. Each sodium atom loses one electron: Each chlorine atom gains one electron: Lose Electrons = Oxidation Gain Electrons = Reduction

8. These pairs of reactions are called half- reactions. For example, in the reaction Cu 2+ (aq) + Fe (s) → Cu (s) + Fe 2+ (aq) two half-reactions occur; iron is oxidized while the copper (II) ion is reduced. Seen another way, the copper (II) ion causes the oxidation of the iron; it is the oxidizing agent. Likewise, the iron is the reducing agent for the copper (II) ion.

9. There are five basic rules for the determination of oxidation number: Rule 1:The oxidation number for any atom in its elementary state is 0. Rule 2:The oxidation number for any simple ion is the change on the ion. a.The oxidation number of alkali metals in compounds is 1+ (Li 1+, Na 1+, K 1+, Rb 1+, Cs 1+, Fr 1+ ). b.The oxidation number of alkaline-earth metals in compounds is 2+ (Mg 2+, Ca 2+, and Ba 2+ ).

10. Find the oxidation number for magnesium and chlorine

11. Rule 3:The oxidation number for oxygen usually is 2-. In peroxides, it is 1-. water peroxide

12. Rule 4:The oxidation number for hydrogen is 1+ in all its compounds except in metallic hydrides like NaH or BaH 2, where it is 1-. Rule 5:All other oxidation numbers are assigned so that the sum of oxidation numbers equals the net charge on the molecule or polyatomic ion.

13. Find the oxidation numbers H 2 SCa(OH) 2 2(+1) + (-2) = 0 H O (+2) + 2(-2) + 2(+1) = 0 Ca O H

14. X + 3(-2) = -1 N O  X = +5  X = +6 X + 4(-2) = -2 S O Find the oxidation numbers

15. Find the oxidation number of Cr: Ex: Cr 2 O 7 2- 2X + 7(-2) = -2 Cr O  X = +6

16. Write the oxidation numbers for each atom: S 8 SO 2 S 2 O 3 2- SO 4 2- MgSO 4 H 2 SO 4 0 S = +4 and O = -2 S = +2 and O = -2 S = +6 and O = -2 Mg = +2, S = +6 and O = -2 H = +1, S = +6 and O = -2

17. Find the oxidation numbers P 4 P 2 O 5 PCl 5 H 3 PO 4 PO 4 3- Na 3 PO 4 0 P = +5 and O = -2 P = +5 and Cl = -1 H = +1, P = +5 and O = -2 P = +5 and O = -2 Na = +1, P = +5 and O = -2

18. A summary of terminology for oxidation- reduction (redox) reactions X Y e-e- transfer or shift of electrons X loses electron(s)Y gains electron(s) X is oxidizedY is reduced X is the reducing agentY is the oxidizing agent X increases its oxidation number Y decreases its oxidation number

19. Not all reactions are redox Reactions in which there has been no change in oxidation number are not redox reactions.

20. Just like the Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids, oxidation and reduction also happens in pairs; a species cannot donate an electron unless another species gains the electron. Since oxidation and reduction always happen together, these are most often called redox reactions.

21. Reducing and oxidizing agents The substance reduced is the oxidizing agent The substance oxidized is the reducing agent Sodium is oxidized – it is the reducing agent Chlorine is reduced – it is the oxidizing agent

22. 2H 2 ( g ) + O 2 ( g ) → 2H 2 O( g ) 0 0+1-2 The O.N. of H increases; it is oxidized; it is the reducing agent. The O.N. of O decreases; it is reduced; it is the oxidizing agent. FIND THE OXIDATION NUMBERS:

23. Find the oxidation numbers: 2Al( s )+ 3H 2 SO 4 ( aq ) Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ( aq ) + 3H 2 ( g ) 00+6+1-2+3+6-2 The O.N. of Al increases; it is oxidized; it is the reducing agent. The O.N. of H decreases; it is reduced; it is the oxidizing agent.

24. Find the oxidation numbers PbO( s ) + CO( g ) → Pb( s ) + CO 2 ( g ) +2-2+2-2 0+4 The O.N. of C increases; it is oxidized; it is the reducing agent. The O.N. of Pb decreases; it is reduced; it is the oxidizing agent.