1. Simulation Robin Burke GAM 224

2. Outline Admin Rules paper Play paper Simulation

3. Rules paper Grades A: - B: BBB++-- C: CCC-- D:DD

4. Rewrites Must RW grade or C- or below May anybody but grade is not guaranteed to go up Cannot if no original paper Rewrite due date 3/7 Must submit original graded assignment and new hard copy As well as to turnitin.com Grading (2 * rewrite_grade + original_grade) / 3 example: Rewrite = A, Original = C- (2*4 + 1.67) / 3 = 3.22 = B / B+

5. Problems Citation Correct Grand Theft Auto III Rockstar Games, 2001, Playstation 2. Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman, Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004), 390. Blizzard Entertainment, "Honor System F.A.Q" http://www.worldofwarcraft.com/pvp/honor-system-faq.html. (Accessed 5 February 2007.) http://www.worldofwarcraft.com/pvp/honor-system-faq.html Incorrect anything else 2 nd citation none necessary for the game Salen and Zimmerman, 232. "Honor System F.A.Q" Unsupported assertions "World of Warcraft is the most popular MMORPG ever." Might be true needs to be supported with a citation – according to whom?

6. Thesis More specific is better Blah "Halo 2 shows a lot of emergence." Better "The weapons systems in Halo 2 are tightly coupled with many aspects of the game generating emergent gameplay at both the strategic and tactical levels." In many cases the conclusion of the paper contained a good thesis statement grab this and put it in front

7. Focus Do not "brain dump" the description of the game's premise should be just enough to get the reader started should focus on those areas that matter for your argument Example Unfocused "Madden has rules about.... [2 pages of description]" Focused "The main conflicts in Madden are set up by the standard rules of NFL football and the operational rules for controlling the game.... [2 or 3 paragraphs about these rules]" Warning sign Your paragraphs are too long 10 lines maximum otherwise you probably don't know what your point is Many papers had this problem

8. Focus cont'd A 5-page paper is very short You cannot argue persuasively for more than one or two points Many papers tried to do too much every conflict in a game every game theoretic decision Pick the most significant points that support your case argue them in depth with concrete examples from the game Don't slavishly follow my outlines if it doesn't apply, don't mention it

9. Proofreading The spellchecker is no substitute for human judgment their (belonging to them) there (location reference)

10. #1 Tip Read your paper out loud You will learn if your overall argument holds together if your syntax is garbled if you are rambling on and on if your transitions are abrupt

11. Schemas Emergence ≠ finding two object coupled together ≠ complex gameplay you are looking for a system in which one object / behavior / variable is highly coupled to many other things you are looking for the whole being greater than the sum of the parts if the parts are themselves complex, it is a tougher argument Game theory ≠ finding decisions that balance risk / reward what is the larger system of such decisions? how does the player learn about the risks and rewards? Conflict ≠ identifying one or two types of conflict that are present what is the system of conflict? how do different types of conflict interact? Information ≠ what forms of information there are what is the underlying system of hiding and revealing? what are the costs/payoffs of learning something?

12. Play paper Due in two weeks 2/19 No rewrites Schemas Experience Pleasure Meaning Narrative Simulation Social Play

13. Simulation Games simulate real-world activities sports games racing games historical games Central idea mapping between the game and the real-world activity

14. Simulation II Games also simulate fantasy and fictional activities any RPG most FPS Central idea mapping between the game and...

15. Imaginary realism Games (like other fictional creations) require "willing suspension of disbelief" we agree to be lied to (why is that?) We expect of a realistic game that it be internally consistent we expect "physical" laws to be the same everywhere that its deviations from our consensus reality to be explained we can learn what "physics" is in this world

16. Mapping Simulation is a mapping between a representation in the game an aspect of reality or some imagined reality The mapping will be incomplete the game may leave out inconvenient or boring parts the game may include improbable situations for gameplay reasons Example realistic healing from wounds is slow an announcement is heard on the radio just when you come in the room you can't take over enemy buildings, you have to destroy them

17. Mapping cont'd The mapping will be inexact the game may exaggerate the physics for effect or gameplay the game may (will) abstract from physical reality for practical reasons Example basketball players jump incredibly high crates can be destroyed but not doors or walls

18. Basic fact All physics is simplification complex multi-body physical simulations are too slow reality is chaotic limits to what can be rendered graphically

19. Example: Halo What happens when a grenade explodes? do we simulate the ignition and rapid oxidation of explosives, pressure waves, metal shear and shrapnel trajectories? do we simulate concussion injuries, soft tissue damage, and bone trauma?

20. Game physics Physics = the evolution of the game state we want the player to feel as though there is a real world in the game the game state must be complex its evolution must seem natural the player's control over it should seem natural

21. Natural? Games are profoundly unnatural Aliens? Psychic powers? Controlling a civilization over centuries? Imaginary realism whatever is natural in the game world context Game physics may have nothing to do with Newton's physics or they may be very selective in applying such physics

22. Simulation focus Games differ on where they focus their simulation effort Some areas of the game will be simulated more closely than others Example execution aspect of fighting games not much like real fighting exception: "Fight Night" Battlefield 1942 weapons modeled realistically but ability and role of a given soldier not realistic

23. Simulation focus cont'd It is easy to criticize a game for not being realistic in some way The question is where are the areas where the design sought realism? where is it omitted? what are the consequences for meaningful play?

24. Example Grand Theft Auto III

25. Scripting When there is a fixed stereotyped response to an action in the game we say it is "scripted" As opposed to "simulated"

26. Example Designer decides what should happen when a grenade explodes x amount of damage to all units within certain radius x/2 damage within a larger radius leaves a certain "stencil" on the floor or wall Simplifying the actual physics

27. Example Locked door in Zelda If player ties to go through locked door with key in inventory, the door opens and key is used up Simplifications Doors are logical, not physical barriers Cannot be battered down, blown up, removed from hinges Locks cannot be picked

28. Advantages of scripting Much, much faster to apply a simple rule than to run a physical simulation Easy to write, understand and modify

29. Disadvantages of scripting Limits player creativity Players will try things that "should" work based on extensive physical intuition Will be disappointed if they don't Game will need many scripts predicting their interactions can be difficult complex debugging problem

30. Simulation Will still be a simplification Represent the quantities of interest represent the forces that act on them create physical laws for the game world evolve the game state according to these laws

31. Example Half-Life 2 models weight of objects models physical forces can create puzzles involving moving objects of different weights the "gravity gun" allows any movable object to become a weapon

32. Benefits of simulation More player options Designer doesn't have to anticipate every way to do something Physical laws reusable Do not have script every object Can build (or buy) generic physics engine Half-Life 2: Havok 2

33. Disadvantages of simulation Speed extensive simulation may make the game too slow Memory game state may become much larger Testing difficult to test all possibilities

34. Design decision How much to simulate? Where player creativity is important Where realism is important Where a simple enough model can be built What level of detail is required? depends on the constraints of the game always a computational cost

35. Example Action adventure scenario How do guards respond to player? Script when player enters room, guards converge and attack

36. Simulation #1 Proximity concept Model radius to guard when player takes a step, sound is heard over certain radius if guard is within radius and in room, guard will converge and attack

37. Simulation #2 Stealth concept Model sound propagation to guard when player takes a step, volume of sound is calculated based on level of stealth, floor material, etc. sound is propagated through room and attenuated based on room contents guards receive sound signal and if loud enough to reach attention, they will move in the apparent direction of sound

38. Simulation #3 Unified level concept Model sound propagation through larger space same as #2, but in 3 dimensions, through floors, etc.

39. Simulation #4 Psychology of alertness Model guards' attention same as #3, but guards have multiple alert states. A single low-intensity noise will increase their alert state. Over time, the alert state decays but not completely

40. Level of detail As we add more simulated detail we add texture to the player's decisions but we add complexity to the program we may impact the play experience in unexpected ways We have to decide as designers what is important for the game's impact

41. The role of simulation "Immersive fallacy" the best game is one in which the player feels that they are totally immersed in a simulated world emphasizes only a certain aspect of the game experience Realism is only one aspect of a game's experience it has to be weighed against other design criteria

42. Realism over all? Would "Wind Waker" be better if it had realistic (non-cell shaded) textures? Would NBA Street be better if its player physics were accurate? Would Katamari Damacy be better if the objects and people were more detailed? Would Half-Life 2 be better if you couldn't carry an unrealistically large arsenal? Would GTA be better if there were child pedestrians and moms with strollers?

43. Wednesday Social play, Ch. 28 Card game design draft due Next Monday (2/12) Quiz #2: Play Wednesday week (2/14) Card game presentations