1. Characteristics of Life

2.  Science vs Psuedoscience ◦ Psuedo = ????????

3.  Science vs Psuedoscience ◦ Psuedo = false/fake  Science is either : ◦ Physical or Biological

4.  Physical Science is: remember last year ◦ Non-living ◦ Earth Science  Meteorology – Weather  Oceanography – Oceans  Geology – Rocks and Minerals  Astronomy – Stars and Planets ◦ Chemistry – Make-up of matter and it’s changes ◦ Physics – Study of Energy: heat, light, electrical, mechanical, and nuclear

5.  Biological Science is: ◦ Living – Biology is the study of life ◦ Botany  Plants ◦ Zoology  Animals ◦ Environmental: Botany and Zoology ◦ Anatomy: Zoology ◦ Organism – an individual capable of life processes

6.  The Goal of Science is: ◦ The process of gaining new knowledge about the world (nature) living and non-living through data collection ◦ Data- information gathered from observations  1. Quantitative -numbers -count (1,2,3, etc…) -measure (1g, 2 cups)  2. Qualitative -descriptive characteristics the dog looks old

7.  A. Variable- one factor being tested ◦ 1. Manipulated Variable (independent)  -deliberately changed ◦ 2. Responding Variable (dependent)  -observed  changes in response to manipulated variable  B. Control-experiment w/out variable ◦ It’s the part you DON’T change in experiment

8.  Designing an Experiment SCIENTIFIC METHOD ◦ State the problem ◦ Form a hypothesis  If……….and ……..then ◦ Set up experiment ◦ Record data ◦ Analyze results ◦ Draw a conclusion

9.  The true nature of science and experimentation lies in the hypothesis  Three parts  IF…. Problem part of experiment CONTROL  AND…contains INDEPENDENT maninipulated variable  THEN…. Contains the DEPENDENT responding variable

10.  people made observations and said that some living things could suddenly appear: ◦ -Maggots on meat (no refrigerators then) ◦ -Mice on grain ◦ -Beetles on cow dung  Thought: live arose (came) from nonliving ◦ -maggots arose from meat ◦ -beetles arose from dung  Spontaneous Generation- idea that life could arise from nonliving matter

11.  1668- Redi ◦ -propose a different hypothesis for why maggots appear on meat  Question: Do flies produce maggots? ◦ The idea that life only comes from other life ◦ Disproved spontaneous generation by putting meat into jars  Published result in a book that other scientist read.

12.  Redi’s Experiment: ◦ Some jars were covered with a mesh cloth ◦ Others were left open ◦ Several days later maggots were on the meat in open jars, no maggots were on the covered meat

13.  Anton van Leeuwenhoek ◦ -discovered tiny moving objects in pond water, rainwater, and dust ◦ -objects “alive”  -called them animolecules or “tiny animals”  -made drawings  -shared with other scientists

14.  Needham ◦ -challenged Redi’s work ◦ -Remember: Redi= no spontaneous generation  -Needham = spontaneous generation could occur under the right conditions

15.  -sealed bottle of gravy and heated it ◦ -claimed heat killed any living organisms ◦ -waited a few days ◦ -observed tiny organisms (microorganisms)  -conclusion: organisms could have only come from juice of gravy

16.  -Thought Needham didn’t heat gravy long enough- improved experiment ◦ -2 bottles of gravy ◦ -both boiled ◦ -1 open, 1 sealed ◦ -waited a few days  Conclusions: ◦ -open bottle= many microorganisms ◦ -closed bottle = none  life only comes from life

17.  Pasteur (mid 1800’s) ◦ Repeated past experiments  Designed a curved (swan neck) flask  Flask remained open but air could not make it through the neck in to the flask  Showed as long as broth was protected from microorganisms, it remained free of living things ◦ Year after experiment began  Broke flask  Organisms grew

19.  Observations use senses to gather information  Inference is logical interpretation (not always fact) based on prior knowledge

20.  Theory-most logical explanation for an event in nature ◦ -time-tested ◦ -dependable prediction If a theory survives time and experimentation it becomes a:  Scientific Law- summarizes facts ◦ -does NOT explain ◦ -states what always happens under given circumstances  **Both Laws and Theories are tentative ◦ -they may change as new information is provided

21.  Nine (9) Characteristics all living things have in common FRED H GARC

22.  FRED ◦ F – Use and need F ood ◦ R – Must be capable of R eproduction ◦ E – Must be able to transfer E nergy ◦ D – D evelop and Grow  Undergo a series of stages to reach maturity  Infant – Toddler – Young Adult – Adult  And an increase in living material

23. HH ◦ H – H omeostasis  Steady internal state H+H+  Blood Pressure  Respiration  Body Temperature  Ect.

24.  GARC ◦ G – Genetic code  Based on universal genetic code ◦ A – Adapt to change  Structural – wings, arms, ect.  Physiological – internal body processes  Behavioral – innate, learned ◦ R – Respond to stimuli ◦ C – Made of at least one (1) Cell

25. 1. molecules 2. cells 3. groups of cells (tissues, organs & organ systems) 4. organisms 7.Populations 8. Community 8. Ecosystems 8. Biosphere

26.  Biotic ◦ Living factors  Abiotic ◦ Non-living factors  Adaptation ◦ A feature that enable survival  Species ◦ A group of similar looking organisms that can breed and produce offspring  Evolution ◦ A gradual change in a species over time

27. Characteristics of Life