1. EAR AND HEARING Resonant Frequencies of pinna and EAM are 1500-8000 Hz

2. Tympanic Membrane 3 tissue layers outer: epithelial intermediate: fibrous inner: mucous

3. Portions of the Ossicles Anterior Crus (Crus Anterius) Base (footplate)

4. Structures of the Middle Ear

5. Ossicles

6. Middle Ear Mechanism Impedance (resistance to flow of energy) matching device Increases pressure of signal arriving at cochlea 25dB gain between TM and OW due to area ratio lever advantage of ossicles provides a 2dB gain

7. Inner Ear

8. Semi Circular Canals

9. Cochlea: Tonotopic Arrangement - Low frequency processed at apex, high at apex -Modiolus

10. Organ of Corti  Traveling wave  Shearing Force

11. Traveling Wave Initiation caused by compression of the fluid in the scala vestibuli which is transmitted directly to the basilar membrane Point of maximum excursion of BM determines fx information transmitted to brain BM quickly damps after reaching maximum excursion Fx analysis of BM determined by stiffness, thickness and width of membrane –Stiffer, thinner, narrow at base

12. Outer and Inner Cells Of Organ of Corti Many nerve cells innervate each inner hair cell, excitation from fluid flow and turbulence of endolymph Many outer hair cells are innervated by one nerve fiber, excitation from shearing effect on cilia

14. VIII Cranial Nerve: Vestibular and Cochlear CN: tonotopic representation in tuning curves SOC: localization of sound in space IC: inhibition response, time and intensity sensitivity MGB: relay to the cortex HG: full tonotopic map CC: receives stimuli from contralateral ear via ipsilateral MGB