1. Chapter 6
Bones and joints

2. skeleton
Bones
Joints
Connective tissue

4. Functions of bones Several functions
To serve as a firm framework for the body
To protect delicate structures such as the brain and spinal cord
To work as levers to produce movement
To store calcium salts
To produce blood cells

5. Bone structure Types of bone (osseous) tissue Compact bone
Haversion systems (osteons)
Spongy (cancellous) bone
Bone marrow
Red marrow
Yellow marrow
Bone membranes
Periosteum
Endosteum

8. Bone growth Types of bone cells Osteoblasts manufacture the matrix
Osteocytes maintain and repair existing bone matrix
Osteoclasts resorb bone tissue
Ossification is conversion of cartilage to bone

9. Formation of long bone Cartilage begins to turn into bone
Epiphyseal plates develop across bone ends
Bones continue to lengthen
Bones stop lengthening
Bone resorption and formation continues

10. Bone markings
Distinguishing features
Projections – usually for muscle or ligament attachment
Head
Process
Condyle
Crest
Spine
Depressions or holes- to allow for articulations and innervation
Foramen
Sinus
Fossa
Meatus
Page 93 gives good descriptions, we will explore more in lab

11. Bones of the axial skeleton
Two main groups of bones
Axial skeleton—80 bones of the head and trunk
Appendicular skeleton—126 bones of the extremities

12. skull Cranial bones- occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal
Facial bones- zygomatic, mandible, maxilla, sphenoid

17. Infant skull
Infant skull- bones are not fused to allow passage through birth canal, fontanel= soft spot

18. Axial skeleton Vertebral column Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae
Lumbar vertebrae
Sacral vertebrae (sacrum)
Coccygeal vertebrae (coccyx)

20. Atlas and axis

21. Thorax
Sternum
Ribs
True ribs
False ribs
Manubrium
Clavicular notch
Sternal angle
Xiphoid process

22. Appendicular skeleton
Two divisions
Upper
Lower

23. Pectoral girdle The shoulder Clavicle (collarbone)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa
Acromion
Glenoid cavity
Coracoid process

24. The upper extremity
Humerus (arm bone)
Medial and lateral epicondyles
Trochlea

25. Radius and ulna Distal projection (styloid process) Olecranon
Ulna and radius (forearm bones)
Distal projection (styloid process)
Olecranon
Trochlear notch (semilunar notch)
Radius (forearm bone)

26. Forearm movement

27. Elbow joint

28. hands Carpal bones (wrist) Metacarpal bones (palm)
Phalanges (finger bones)

29. Pelvic girdle The pelvic bones (ossa coxae) Ilium Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Ischium
Ischial spine
Ischial tuberosity
Pubis
Pubic symphysis
Features of pelvis
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen

31. Male vs female pelvis Female pelvis is: More lighter in weight
More flared ilia
Pubic arch is wider
Pelvic opening is wider
Pubic outlet is larger
Sacrum and coccyx are shorter and less curved

32. Legs The lower extremity Femur (thigh) Patella Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Linea aspera
Patella

33. legs Tibia (shin bone) Fibula (leg bone) Tarsal bones (ankle)
Medial malleolus
Fibula (leg bone)
Lateral malleolus
Tarsal bones (ankle)
Calcaneus (heel bone)
Metatarsal bones (instep)
Phalanges (toe bones)

34. feet Tarsal bones (ankle) Metatarsal bones (instep)
Calcaneus (heel bone)
Metatarsal bones (instep)
Phalanges (toe bones)

35. The aging skeleton Bones undergo significant changes
Loss of calcium salts
Decrease in protein
Reduction in collagen
Loss of height
Decrease in chest diameter

36. Joints
Classified by material between adjoining bones and by degree of movement permitted
Fibrous
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Bones in our skull
Cartilaginous
Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
wrist
Synovial
Diarthrosis (freely movable)
elbow

37. Synovial joints
Bones are joined by other structures in synovial joints
Structures that support and protect synovial joints
Ligaments
Joint capsule
Hyaline (articular) cartilage
Medial meniscus and lateral meniscus
Fat
Bursae

39. knee

40. Types of synovial joints
Classified by types of movement they allow
Gliding
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball-and-socket

42. movements Movements characteristic of forearm and ankle
Supination- palm up
Pronation- palm down
Inversion- palm toward body
Eversion- palm away from body
Dorsiflexion- toe up
Plantar flexion- pointed toe
Flexion- bending
Extension- straightening
Abduction- moving away
Adduction- coming toward
Circumduction- moving in a circle
Rotation- twisting