1. A PERIOD OF TRANSITION

2. DEPERSONALIZATION OF LABOUR WOMEN AND CHILDREN WORKING POOR WAGES – LOW QUALITY OF LIFE BRITAIN AS ECONOMIC POWER HOUSE WESTERN ECONOMIC DOMINANCE OVER NON WESTERN ECONOMIES Economic Changes INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

3. Britain as economic powerhouse

4. WHY BRITAIN? POST NAPOLEONIC EUROPE AVAILABILITY OF KEY RESOURCES ENCLOSURE – AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION HIGH PRODUCTIVITY/LOW PRICES STABLE POLITICAL CONDITIONS ENGLISH INNOVATION

5. Social Changes INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION DEPERSONALIZATION OF LABOUR POOR WORKING CONDITIONS EXPLOITATION OF WORKERS DIVISION OF THE FAMILY OVER POPULATION OF CITIES – POLLUTION GROWING WORKING CLASS – LOWER AND MIDDLE

6. GIN ALLEY Various scenes of mayhem fill the street in the background. Murder and other forms of violence are anything but uncommon. During the Industrial Revolution, migration to cities as well as population growth resulted in serious growing pains amongst urban centres Social Changes

7. MANCHESTER ENGLAND (COTTONOPOLIS) NOTE THE SMOKESTACKS IN THE BACKGROUND Social Changes

8. Over London by Rail Shows the densely populated and polluted environments created in the new industrial cities Social Changes

9. MANCHESTER ENGLAND (COTTONOPOLIS) NOTE THE SMOKESTACKS IN THE BACKGROUND Social Changes

10. CHILD LABOUR Social Changes -huge demand for small fingers -long hours and low wages -led to reform laws later on

11. WOMEN WORKING "I have wrought in the bowels of the earth 33 years. I have been married 23 years and had nine children, six are alive and three died of typhus a few years since. Have had two dead born. Horse-work ruins the women; it crushes their haunches, bends their ankles and makes them old women at 40. “ -Jane Watson "I have been married 19 years and have had 10 bairns [children]:...My last child was born on Saturday morning, and I was at work on the Friday night... None of the children read, as the work is no regular..When I go below my lassie 10 years of age keeps house...“ -Isabel Wilson Social Changes

12. IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON WOMEN -rural women who had previously spun found themselves unemployed -decline in lace industry & straw-plaiting industry -new gender division of labour -Men monopolized highly skilled preparation and finishing processes such as wool combing and cloth- dressing -both power loom operators -Women were widely employed in all the textile industries, and constituted the majority of workers in cotton, flax, and silk -Of the women who worked in factories, 16 percent were under age 13, 51 percent were between the ages of 13 and 20, and 33 percent were age 21 and over Social Changes

13. WAGES FOR WORKING WOMEN  Take note of the disparity in wages as age increases.

14. British Example INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION LIMITED MONARCHY, FREE SPEECH, ECONOMIC FREEDOM POOR LAW AMENDMENT ACT FACTORY ACT REFORM ACT – VOTING LIBERALISED PEOPLE’S CHARTER [CHARTISTS] TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION

15. POOR LAWS 1834 -RESPONSE TO INCREASED REJECTION OF TAX PAYERS FOOTING THE BILL FOR OUTDOOR RELIEF -INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION DISPLACED WORKERS -ENTITLEMENT TO RELIEF British Example

16. WORKHOUSES - Act of Parliament : people who were very poor, old, sick or unemployed should be looked after in a Workhouse -designed to control the escalating cost of relief under the old system -many tales of abuse, corruption and mismanagement British Example

17. The Great Chartist Meeting 1848 First mass working class labour movement? British Example

18. 1.A vote for every man twenty-one years of age, of sound mind, and not undergoing punishment for crime. 2.The secret ballot. - To protect the elector in the exercise of his vote. 3.No property qualification for members of Parliament - thus enabling the constituencies to return the man of their choice, be he rich or poor. 4.Equal Constituencies, securing the same amount of representation for the same number of electors, instead of allowing small constituencies to swamp the votes of large ones. 5.Annual parliaments, to check bribery and intimidation, since though a constituency might be bought once in seven years (even with the ballot), no purse could buy a constituency (under a system of universal suffrage) in each ensuing twelve- month; and since members, when elected for a year only, would not be able to defy and betray their constituents as now. PEOPLE’S CHARTER 1838

26. Society as sum of individuals who composed it (shout out to Rousseau and Locke) Sovereignty with People Constitutional Government Economic Implications “The market is free and so are the people” Liberalism

27. Liberalism in West, Conservatism in East Nationalism Everywhere! Aspirations for national independence in face of foreign domination One nationality of people dominant in a specific state - examples? Rise of Nation States

28. Italy CASE STUDY

29. Germany CASE STUDY