1. Medical Treatments

2. Inadequate secretion of insulin from islet cells of pancreas Proximal tubule can reabsorb 0.1% of blood sugar More sugar remains in nephrons of people with diabetes mellitus Osmotic gradient causes more water to be lost in urine

3. Destruction of ADH-producing cells; OR Destruction of nerve tracts between hypothalamus & pituitary  ADH levels drop, urine output increases (up to 4-8 L per day)

4. Dialysis If a kidney loses its function, then the patient may be in danger of dying from uric acid poisoning One solution for this condition is to perform dialysis During dialysis treatment, a person’s blood is filtered using a machine

5. Dialysis Machines (Hemodialysis) A dialysis machine consists of a long tube made from a semipermeable membrane immersed in a solution This solution contains the same ingredients as clean blood plasma The patient’s blood (known as dialysate) is passed through this tube and the wastes diffuse into the surrounding solution

6. Dialysis treatments take between 2 and 5 hours, and may be repeated up to three times a week As well, patients must have a strictly regulated diet to prevent excess levels of toxins to build up in their systems

7. Peritoneal Dialysis Peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of the intestines (the peritoneum) as the dialysis membrane The dialysate is introduced into the abdominal cavity, where the large surface area and the rich supply of capillaries slowly filter the blood

8. Hemodialysis vs. Peritoneal Dialysis

9. Kidney Transplants One permanent solution to dialysis is to replace the damaged kidney with a fully functional one Kidney transplants often involve a close family member donating one of their healthy kidneys to the patient As a result, both the donor and recipient will have one fully functional kidney

10. However, because both the donor and recipient only have one kidney, they should closely monitor their diet in the future Kidneys can also be obtained from cadavers.

11. The Kidney-Coronary Connection Kidneys can fail due to high blood pressure If the blood vessels in the kidneys are damaged due to high blood pressure, they lose their ability to filter wastes effectively Unfortunately, the symptoms of high blood pressure and kidney impairment to not appear until the damage has already been done

12. Athletic Injury Kidney is damaged by blunt for trauma  Bruised  Torn Signs or symptoms  Back pain  Blood in urine Treatment  Time  If severe enough, removal of damaged organ.