1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. T2/28/12 Variances in Development (Ch. 9.1 – pp. 272-281)

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Intro Development = The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology More developed countries (MDCs) –aka developed countries Lesser developed countries (LDCs) –aka emerging or developing countries

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. I. Economic Indicators of Development A. The Human Development Index (HDI) –U.N. uses four (4) factors to assess a country’s level of development: Economic = (1) gross domestic product (GDP) per capita – –total output of goods for country –measures relative wealth of country Social = (2) literacy and (3) amount of education Demographic = (4) life expectancy

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Human Development Index Figure 9-1

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. I. Economic Indicators of Development (cont.) –B. Types of jobs Primary sector – extraction of materials (agric.) Secondary sector – manufacturing Tertiary sector – services –more tertiary jobs, more likely to be MDC –C. Productivity Measured by the value added per capita –gross value minus costs of material & energy –measures production costs MDCs are more productive than LDCs –D. Consumer Goods More accessible in MDCs –Esp. transportation (cars) and communication (phones, computers)

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9-2 Gross Domestic Product (per capita)

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons Figure 9-4

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Social Indicators of Development A. Education and Literacy Education rate = number of pupils per teacher –lower ratio in MDC (usually ≤ 20); LDCs higher (often ≥ 30) The literacy rate = %of people who can read & write –Higher % in MDC (usually ≥ 98% in MDC; 60% in LDC) Greater educational access usually equals greater wealth (MDCs)

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. II. Social Indicators of Development (cont.) B. Health and Welfare Diet (adequate calories & proteins) –MDCs receive more than daily requirement –LDCs receive less than daily minimum Access to health care –Better health access, esp. hospitals –Most MDCs have cheap public healthcare »Paid through taxes –One exception: USA (private care about 55%) Welfare programs –Geared to elderly, sick, poor, disabled, unemployed –Expensive b/c based on taxes –More common in MDCs

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Students Per Teacher, Primary School Figure 9-6

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. III. Demographic Indicators of Development –Life expectancy Babies born today in MDCs have a life expectancy in the 70s; babies born in LDCs, in the 60s –Other demographic indicators: Infant mortality Natural increase Crude birth rate –All lower in MDCs Crude death rate –higher in MDCs – Why?

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. More and Less Developed Regions Figure 9-10